382 CELEBES. [chap. xvii. 



lectors was to be paid for, and the village chiefs who now 

 received the titles of " Majors " were to receive five per cent, 

 of the produce. After a time, roads were made from the port 

 of Menado up to the plateau, and smaller paths were cleared 

 from village to village ; missionaries settled in the more 

 populous districts and opened schools, and Chinese traders 

 penetrated to the interior and supplied clothing and other 

 luxuries in exchange for the money which the sale of the 

 coffee had produced. At the same time, the country was 

 divided into districts, and the system of " Controlleurs," 

 which had worked so well in Java, was introduced. The 

 " Controlleur " was a European, or a native of European 

 blood, who was the general superintendent of the cultiva- 

 tion of the district, the adviser of the chiefs, the protector 

 of the people, and the means of communication between 

 both and the European Government. His duties obliged 

 him to visit every village in succession once a month, and 

 to seud in a report on their condition to the Eesident. 

 As disputes between adjacent villages were now settled by 

 appeal to a superior authority, the old and inconvenient 

 semi-fortified houses were disused, and under the direction 

 of the " Controlleurs " most of the houses were rebuilt 

 on a neat and uniform plan. It was this interesting district 

 which I was now about to visit. 



Having decided on my route, I started at 8 a.m. on the 

 22d of June. Mr. Tower drove me the first three miles 



