CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALIA. 



The arrangement of Orders and Families in this table is 

 in accordance with that of Prof. Flower, President of the 

 London Zoological Society, lately published in the Encyclo- 

 paedia Britannica. The enumeration of species accords with 

 Wallace's " Geographical Distribution of Animals." The 

 latest, best approved views are here expressed : 



Order.— PEIMATES. 



1. Family. — Hominid.e — Man. 



2. Family. — Simiid^e. 



Genera. — Troglodytes, Gorilla, Simia, Hylobates. 12 

 species. 



3. Family. — CERCOPiTHECiDiE. 



Genera. — Semnopithecus, Colobus, Cercopithecus, Ma- 

 cacus, Cynocephalus. 97 species. 



4. Family. — Cebid^e. 



Genera. — Ateles, Eriodes, Lagothrix, Cebus, Mycetes, 

 Pithecia, Brachyurus, Nyctipithecus, Chrysothrix, 

 Callithrix. 78 species. 



5. Family. — Hapalid;e. 



Genera. — Hapale, Midas. 32 species. 



Order.— CAENIVORA. 



Though the Gamivora, as at present restricted, form a 

 very natural and well-defined Order among Mammalia, it 

 is difficult to find any important common diagnostic char- 

 acters by which they can be absolutely separated ; but as 

 in the case of so many other natural groups, it is by the 

 possession of combination of various characters that they 

 must be distinguished. 



They are unquiculate ; have never less than four well- 

 developed toes on each foot, with nails more or less pointed, 

 rarely rudimentary or absent ; pdllex and hallux never 

 opposable to other digits. They are regularly diphyodont 

 and heterodont, and their teeth are always rooted. The 

 Walrus presents in some degree an exception. 



Dentition consists of small, pointed incisors, visually three 

 in number, on each side of each jaw — of which the first 

 is always the smallest, and the third the largest; — the dif- 

 ference being most marked in the upper jaw ; strong conical, 

 recurved canines ; molars variable, but generally, especially 

 in the anterior part of the series, more or less compressed, 

 pointed, and trenchant ; if the crowns are flat and tuber- 

 culated, they are never complex or divided into lobes by 

 deep inflections of enamel. 



The condyle of lower jaw is a transversely-placed half- 

 cylinder, working in a deep glenoid fossa of corresponding 

 form. The brain varies much in relative size and form, but 

 the hemispheres are never destitute of well-marked con- 

 volutions. Stomach is always simple and pyrifonn. 

 Caejcuni absent or short and simple, and the colon is not 

 sacculated or greatly wider than the small intestine. Vesi- 

 cule seminales never present. Cowper's gland present in 

 some, absent in others. Uterus bicornuate ; Mamma? abdom- 

 inal and very variable in number ; placenta is deciduate, and 

 almost always zonarv. Clavicles often entirely absent, and 

 657 



when present, never complete. Radius and ulna distinct. 

 Scaphoid and lunar bones always united in one, and there 

 is never a distinct or centrale in the adult. Fibula is 

 always a distinct slender bone. 



The large majority of the species of this Order subsist 

 chiefly upon animal food, though many are omnivorous, and 

 some few chiefly, not entirely, vegetable eaters. The more 

 typical ones live altogether on recently-killed warm-blooded 

 animals. 



The Order is naturally divided into two sub-orders, em- 

 bracing, respectively, the typical, true, and mainly terres- 

 trial carnivores, and those fitted for living in the sea, called 

 Pinnipeds, or fin-footed. 



The highest forms of the true Carnivora are embraced in — 



Family. — Felid^e. 



Genera. — Felis — embracing Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Ja- 

 guar, Puma, Ounce, Servals, Tiger Cats, Wild Cats, 

 Lynx. 66 species. 



Family. — Viverrid^e. 



Genera. — Cryptoprocta, Viverra, Viverricula, Genetta, 

 Arctictis, Paradoxurus, Nandinia, Hemigalea, Cy- 

 nogale, Herpestes, Helogale, Bdeogale, Cynictis, 

 Rhinogale, Crossarchus, Suricata, Galidictis, Eu- 

 pleres. These genera embrace the Civet Cats, 

 Genetts, Ichneumons, and other less familiar ani- 

 mals. 100 species. 



Family. — Hyjenid*. 



Genera. — Proteles, Hyiena. 4 species. 



Family. — CaniD/E. 



Genera. — Canis, Vulpes, Cyon, Lycalopex, Nycterentes, 

 Icticyon, Fennecus, Lycaon. The Wolves, Foxes, 

 Wild Dogs, Fennecs, and Jackals. 54 species. 



Family. — Mustelida:. 



Genera. — Lutra, Aonyx, Enhydriodon, Enhydra, Me- 

 phitis, Arctonyx, Mydaus, Meles, Taxidea, Melli- 

 vora, Helictis, Ictonyx, Galictis, Mustela, Putorius, 

 Gulo. Embracing Otters, Sea Otter, Skunks, Bad- 

 gers, Martens, Pole-cats, and Wolverine. 92 species. 

 Family. — Procyonid^e. 



Genera. — Procyon, Bassaris, Bassaricyon, Nasua, Cer- 

 coleptes, which include the Racoons, Coatimundis, 

 and Kinkajou. 8 species. 

 Family. — AiltjridjE. 



Genera. — Ailurus. 2 species. 



Family. — Ursid^e. 



Genera. — Ailuropus, Ursus, Melursus ; which embrace 

 the Bears and a few less familiar forms. 15 species. 



Sub-order.— PINNIPED1A. 



Animals differing from the preceding, the true Car- 

 nivora, mainly in the structure of their limbs, which are 

 modified for progression in the water. The brain is relatively 

 large ; caecum very short. Kidneys divided into numerous 

 distinct lobules. There are no Cowper's glands. Mammae 

 are two or four, abdominal. Eyes very large and exposed, 



