no THE PHILOSOPHY 



prefs not their pleafures or pains in the fame manner as we do, yet 

 all of them exhibit their pleafant or painful feelings by fymptoms or 

 cries, which are perfedly underftood by the individuals of each fpe- 

 cies, and, in many inftances, by man. A dog, when hurt, complains 

 in the bittereft terms ; and, when he is afraid, or perhaps melancho- 

 ly, he exprefles the fituation of his mind by the moft deplorable 

 howlings. A bird, when fick, ceafes to fing, droops the wing, ab- 

 flains from food, afllimes a lurid afped, utters melancholy, weak 

 cries, and exhibits every mark of deprefled fpirits. By this means, 

 animals intimate the affiftance they require, or foften thofe who 

 maltreat them. Their plaintive cries are fometimes fo afFeding as 

 to difarm their enemies, or procure the aid of their equals. On the 

 other hand, when animals are pleafed or carefTed, they difcover, by 

 their countenance, by their voice, by their movements, unequivocal 

 fymptoms of chearfulnefs and alacrity of mind. Thus the expref- 

 fions of pleafure and pain by brute animals, though not uttered in 

 the precife manner with thofe of the human fpecies, are perfedly 

 analogous, and anfwer the fame intentions of Nature. 



By refpiration, and the inftrumen.ts employed in the performance 

 of it, the larger animals are not only brought forth, but are enabled 

 to extrad milk from the breafts of the mother. By refpiration, 

 odors are conveyed to the nofe ; coughing, fueezing, yawning, figh- 

 ing, finging, vomiting, and many other fundions in the animal oeco- 

 nomy, are at leaft partly accomplifhed. 



After this general view of the refpiration of man and of quadru- 

 peds, we proceed, according to the method laid down, to give fome 

 account of the fame fundion in the other clafles of animals. 



With regard to birds, though, like other land-animals, they re- 

 fpire by means of lungs, Nature has enabled them to tranfmit air to 



almoft 



