Chap. VII. ] economic geology. 179 



the existence of highly ferruginous clay at the very base of the hills, 

 north of the Kyarda dun, opposite Kolur, and more or less ferruginous 

 clays are to be found at many intermediate points, but I have not seen a 

 single locality where I could, with any confidence, affirm the presence 

 a workable deposit ; however, I grant the probability that such may be 

 found. The case is a very simple one ; there is no concealment about it ; 

 the ore is very much harder than any of the rocks with which it is 

 associated, and must be freely exposed at the surface ; at Dechourie and 

 Kalidoongi immense blocks of it reveal the outcrop to every passer by. 



Copper. — Copper is prepared to some extent in the provinces of 

 Kumaon and Gurhwal. Mr. Henwood, whose opinion should stand very 

 high reported unfavourably on the deposits of ore, from the point of 

 view of the European miner. 



Lead. — On the banks of the Tonse, about twenty-five miles above 

 Kalsi, there is a small district, partly in Sirmoor and partly in Jaonsar, 

 from which lead has been procured to a considerable extent. The rocks 

 in which it occurs are the limestones and slates of the Krol and Infra- 

 Krol groups, greatly disturbed. There was but one mine open at the 

 time of my visit. At the only place where the work was being carried 

 on, the lode was very well-defined, underlying at 70° to east-north-east, 

 about two feet wide. The galena occurred in a thick steady string, prin- 

 cipally next the under-wall. Associated with the galena, though keeping 

 rather distinct from it, is a string of mixed ore, principally zine-blende, 

 with some galena, iron pyrites, and quartz. The galena contains only 

 a small per-centage.of silver. At the gap between Geruani and Guma, 

 there are old mines in the same rocks, and which, I was told, had been 

 lead mines. 



Gold. — There are gold-washings carried on yearly in the beds of the 

 Himalayan rivers, and most extensively, even in streams which only drain 

 the Sub-Himalayan rocks. The fact is rather interesting ; since in 

 these streams the gold must have a doubly derivative origin. 



