800 Transactions.— Botany. 
Fagus fusca, Hook. f. 
Hook. Ic. Pl., t. 631. 
Tooth-leaved Beech. 
Black Birch of Auckland and in part of Otago and Southland. 
Black or Bull Birch of Lake Wakatipu. 
Red Birch of Wellington, Nelson, and in part of Otago and Southland. 
It is not easy to see why any difficulty should have occurred in the 
identification of this fine timber-tree apart from the misleading tendency of 
the common names generally applied. The thin yet firm texture of the 
leaf, the prominent veins, the sharply-toothed margins, are characters that 
can only be confused with those afforded by other species by a careless 
observer. Yet merely owing to the use of common names based upon 
colour, and applied or rather misapplied to the leaves, bark, or wood at the 
fancy of the bushman, no species has been more misunderstood. 
The tooth-leaved beech forms a fine tree 70-100 feet with a trunk from 
8 to 8 feet in diameter, the bark varying greatly in colour and rugosity in 
different localities and at different stages of growth. In the north and in 
lowland situations in the south it is usually blackish, but in sub-alpine 
localities the prevailing tint is of a rich deep brown. In the young state it 
is smooth and whitish. 
The wood varies in colour but is usually reddish or reddish-black, stout in 
the grain. It is one of the strongest and most durable timbers in the colony. 
In the young state the twigs are pubescent, leaves oblong-ovate, shortly 
petioled, with rathar large acute teeth ; pubescent or glandular when young. 
Cupules with membranous scales at the back; nuts winged, the wings being 
divided at the apex. 
Varieties with the teeth more or less abbreviated are occasionally met 
with, but on the whole these are rare and can scarcely be mistaken for either 
of the entire-leaved forms by an observer of ordinary intelligence.* 
The good qualities of this timber are so generally admitted that it is 
needless to discuss the question or offer further evidence on the subject. 
On the Thames Gold Field it has been so generally appreciated by the 
miners that it has now become extremely rare and is said to be extinct in 
some localities where it was once plentiful. I may add that I have examined 
stock-yard fences which have been erected twenty-one years, and which are 
still in good condition. 
This is the most widely distributed of the species; it extends from 
Ahipara in the extreme north to Southland, in many southern localities 
forming the greater portion of the forest. In the South Island it is more 
plentiful on the western side of the main range than on the eastern, and is 
decidedly rare in the central districts: in Canterbury its chief habitat is in 
the mountain district between the Waimakariri Gorge and Bealey, where it 
* Hook, Ic. Pl, t. 630. 
