404 Transactions. — Miscellaneous. 
the technical schools of England and the Continent the use of tools forms a 
prominent item in the course of instruction. One of these schools is indeed 
a workshop, in which the apprentice or artizan is taught the use of his tools 
and the management of machinery by first-class teachers, while he is at 
the same time inducted into such branches of science and art as are re- 
quisite to enable him to understand the principles of his trade. Further, 
if he wishes it and the time at his disposal allows of it being done, he is 
taught collateral subjects, such as foreign languages, which are likely to be 
useful to him in his avocation. The Finsbury College is divided into four 
departments—viz., the mathematical and mechanical, the physical, the 
chemical, and the applied art department. In the day school such subjects 
as French and German are likewise taught. This will give an idea of the 
comprehensiveness of the course of study. 
In these technical schools, as I have said, the course of instruction is 
varied considerably, to suit the purses and the time at the disposal of the 
pupils. There is the richer class of students, who can afford to attend the 
classes during the day, and are probably looking forward to becoming mana- 
gers of factories or occupying similar positions. This class of students is 
able to go through a more elaborate course of instruction than the others, 
and to compete for certificates of the highest class. Then there is the 
class of artizans who are engaged in actual labour during the day, 
whose means are small, and who expect to receive instruction during 
the evening. To this class workshop practice is of prime import- 
ance. In Sweden, to meet the wants of artizan students, some of the 
technical schools are open not only every evening in the week, but on Sundays 
so. Finally, there is the class of apprentices, of whom the future workmen 
are to be made, who, like the artizans, are unable to attend classes during 
the day, although having all their lives before them they can afford to enter 
upon a more lengthy course of instruction, but at the same time their 
pockets must be consulted in the shape of reduced fees. For the purpose 
of dealing with these different classes of students, the City and Guilds of 
London Institute holds its examination in three grades, (1) honours, (2) 
advanced, (8) elementary. The first is intended principally for foremen, 
overlookers, and similar persons, or for persons intending to qualify for such 
positions ; and the third for apprentices, but candidates for examination are 
permitted to enter themselves for any grade they choose. 
It will convey a better idea of the eminently practical character of the 
instruction now being given through the means of the City and Guilds of 
London Institute, if I enumerate the principal subjects for examination this 
year :—Alkali manufacture, iron and steel manufacture, lace manufacture, 
photography, milling and flour manufacture, electro-metallurgy, electric 
