® 
46 Transactions.— Miscellaneous. 
or circumstance), ¢ moe ana te tamaiti, the child is sleeping; (38), The 
Causative, made by prefixing waka (generally to Neuter, though sometimes 
to Active, verbs), as, pono, to be true; wakapono, to believe; mate, sick; 
wakamate, to make sick. The Passive verb expresses the action of some 
agent, as, ¢ kitea ana te tangata e au, the man is seen by me; and is formed, 
by the addition to the active base or ground-form of one of the following 
particles :—Ja, ngia, a, kia, hia, ina, tia, kina, na, ngia, mia, ria and whira ; 
the particle selected for this purpose, being, chiefly, determined by the 
termination of the verb, though many of these passival endings are quite 
arbitrary in their use. Frequentatives (as we saw before, in the case of the 
Adjectives), are expressed by reduplications, as, kokoti, to cut ; kotikoti, to 
cut into many pieces. Tense, is shewn by the use of verbal particles— 
adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and the articles he and te placed in 
connection with the verbs. These verbal particles (which have no meaning 
in themselves), are e, ana, ha, kua, i, kia, hei, me, kaua, aua, and kei. 
Thus the Present is formed by ka preceding the verb, or by ¢ before 
and ana after it; as, kia rere te kaipuke ki Tauranga, the ship sails to 
Tauranga, etc. 
The Imperfect by ¢ and ana, and some word or words to show that the 
action was incomplete when referred to; as, kat penei inanahi e haere ana, 
at this time yesterday I was going. 
The future Imperfect by ka or ¢ before the verb, by ka before the verb 
and ai after it, or by ai alone after the verb ; as, ka tere te waka aianei, 
the canoe will be adrift presently. Akuanei ano riro ai te kaipuke, to-day 
the ship will be gone. 
The present and Suture, when formed by ka, are generally to be dis- 
tinguished by the sense. 
The Perfect has kua and i before the verb; as, 
mate, Christ has risen from death. 
The Pluperfect, with kua before the verb, must be distinguished by the 
construction ; as, ka penet inanahi kua tae matou ki Puketona, 
yesterday we had arrived at Puketona, 
The second Future, also indicated b 
ascertained from the construction ; as, 
Hokianga, before night I shall have arrived at Hokianga. The tenses of 
the subjunctive moods are indicated by help of conjunctions and adverbs ; 
as, kua kite pea ahau i taua tangata otira e wareware ana ahau, perhaps I 
may have seen that man, but I forget. 
The Moods are shewn—the Indicative by ¢ ; 
kua ara mai te Karaiti i te 
at this time 
y kua, must, in like manner, be 
e kore e po akuanei kua tae ahau ki 
as, e ngaki ana ia te whenua, 
+ 
Gop) See saute a ae RSG ec dag ia aan i a 
tooo 
sa Bel ea al Wie 
5 unde ta Tagen Me Tar oe ate, 
