48 Transactions.— Miscellaneous. 
it is changed to ¢ and sometimes to teune, the pronoun being omitted ; as e 
alu ia or teune alu, he will go. In the Imperative, in the second person, 
either the pronoun koi or the subject of the verb comes after it, but, in the 
first and second persons of the dual and plural, the pronouns tau and mo 
come before the verb and those, which distinguish the numbers, follow it, 
as, alu kot, go thou ; tau alu, mo alu, etc., let us go (you and I), go ye (ye 
two). The Subjunctive is shewn by ger applied to any tense, as, ger te alu, 
ger ger alu, ete. In Tongan verbs, it would seem that the dual and plural 
are not carefully distinguished, the indefinite Plural (without wa and tolu) 
being constantly used. The Infinitive in Tongan is hardly distinguishable 
from an ordinary noun. Three words, my, atu, and angi are in constant 
use, with the general sense of “give” when verbs, and of “to” or 
“towards ” when prepositions ; hence, they are to be used, accordingly, as 
the first, second, or third person may follow, as, my ia giate au, give it to 
me ; teu atu ia giate koi, I will give it to thee ; angi ia giate ia, give it to him ~ 
or her. Clearly, their chief object is to imply direction. Thus, ofais, to love; 
but “T love you’ must be rendered not by gua te ofa koi, but by qua te ofa 
atu giate koi. They also form parts of compound words, tdlamg, talatu, 
talangi. It is a very general characteristic of all the Polynesian dialects 
that they love to use passive forms where we use the active for correct 
translation, and we have seen how fully supplied Maori is for the purpose 
of indicating the passive. Nearly similar forms (but much fewer in num- 
ber) may be found in the other dialects. Thus, the Samoan has, a, ina, ta, 
fia, ngia, and tia: the Rarotongan, a, ia; the Mangarevan, ia; Tahitian, 
hia ; and the Hawaiian, a, ia, hia, tia. M. Buschmann observes, that the 
use of the passive is equally characteristic of all the Malay languages, and 
he thinks he can detect the hia of the passive in the Marquesan kuhia. He 
adds his belief, that the character of the particle wa in Tahitian and 
Hawaiian (kaua in Rarotongan, kua in Maori, and gua in Tongan) marks a 
direct connexion between these tongues and the Malay and Kawi ; holding 
that it is the same as the djoua of Malay, houga of J avanese, and the djouga 
of Malay and Kawi, in all of which it is an adverb, with the heterogeneous 
indiscriminating fashion in which it has come to be employed in the Poly- 
present, the 
ons of which 
to act as an auxiliary, in all the 
in Marquesan, wa marks the present and 
further points out, the peculiar use of 
tenses, even in the future. Thus, 
perfect. Again, M. Buschmann 
