50 Transactions.— Miscellaneous. 
Tongan, kawa and aua in Maori) and éiaha ; in Marquesan moi is used for 
the same purpose, and mai in Hawaiian. 
The Infinitive is denoted in Tahitian and Hawaiian by é before the verb ; 
and the past participle of the Passive is shewn by 7, preceding the passive 
form of the verb itself, as in iritihia, “ translated,’ (v. Tahitian Bible of 
the British and Foreign Bible Society). The English substantive verb, 
which is not generally rendered in the Polynesian dialects, is, in some 
degree, represented by the Tahitian temporal particle wa (the ua of Hawaiian 
and gua of Tongan), and by the pronoun of the third person, ia. 
.M. Buschmann further shews that the Maori whaka (Tongan, faka ; 
Rarotongan, aka ; Tahitian, faa or haa ; Marquesan, haka or haa; Hawaiian, 
hoo, sometimes haa) is, by no means, ong, the sign of the Causative verbs, 
but is found, not only with transitive and intransitive verbs, but, also, with 
substantives, adjectives, and adverbs.* There seems no sufficient principle 
for the employment of this prefix, and, possibly, all that can be said about 
it is, that it partakes the vague indeterminate character of a large number 
of other Polynesian particles. But, besides the particles connected with 
the verbs, to which I have already called attention, there are some others 
to be noticed, which M. Buschmann calls “ particules de direction,’ and 
which are variously employed. Thus, in Tahitian, two of these particles 
are directly opposed ; mai (found in all the dialects in the same sense), 
“ this way,”’ ‘‘ towards me,” and atu (the same in Tongan and Maori, adu 
in Rarotongan, and aku in Hawaiian), “ that way,” ‘“‘ towards you,” etc. - 
There are two other particles aé (the same in Hawaiian, ake in Rarotongan, 
angi in Tongan) in the sense of ‘“ towards a’ third person,” and iho (the 
same in Hawaiian, io in Rarotongan, hifo in Tongan) in the sense of 
“downwards.” ‘Particles of direction” are employed after certain 
adverbs, whether simple or formed by a preposition, but their principal 
business is to accompany the verb, before the temporal adverbs, néi and ra, 
which are attached to it. Some other adverbs, however, which determine 
the character of the verb, as that of the passive hia, and the termination of 
the substantive raa, occupy the first place after the verb, and are, therefore, 
themselves, followed by the particle of direction. In the Marquesan, mat 
' and atu are similarly used. Maori does not use ange. As mai essentially 
eatraastoce cor nage tn ene cent arta eee ane ea gee 
Thus, in Tongan, faka (mode or manner), and ange (like or similar to), are joined 
to adverbs, etc., the former to verbs and adjectives, the latter more strictly to adjectives. 
The , as in the other dialects, always a prefix, the latter always a postfix. As, toa, 
brave ; faka-toa, bravely ; mamafa, heavy ; mamafa-ange, heavily. 
