ConnELL.—On New Zealand Surveys. XXXV 
In England there are hundreds, I had almost said thousands, available 
for the work, whilst here we count our numbers by twos and threes. 
Here we cannot afford to send a surveyor to the top of a mountain 
simply to observe the azimuths of the trig lines, which any accomplished 
observer can do even with twelve readings in about two hours, but we keep 
him on the same point sometimes for four or five hours more taking obser- 
vations relating to the topography of the country. 
In this manner we obtain the complete work at very much less cost than 
if we had a number of observers all following one another over the same 
ground as in England. 
It is true that we require men of more varied ability than under the 
other system, but it is our pride to train them, and it is also true that the 
amount of work required from the colonial surveyor is greater than it would 
be under a different system. 
I now proceed to say a few words on the uses to which the stations 
of a triangulation must be put in connection with the detail survey of the 
Colony, and I think it suitable here again to advert to the distinction 
between the detail work of such a survey as the Ordnance Survey of Eng- 
land and that of a Colony such as New Zealand. 
The end to be attained by the former survey being chiefly correct 
cadastral maps or plans shewing the relative position and size of objects 
occupying the earth’s surface, a system was adopted of breaking down these 
triangles, measuring the sides with the chain and multiplying the tie lines ; 
in fact, arriving at the knowledge of the position of the various objects almost 
entirely by a system of chain measurements and offsets, without employing 
the theodolite at all. Nor, so far as I can gather, was any more thorough 
test applied to the detail work than to see that it was kept within such a 
limit of error as would not be apparent in the construction of the cadastral 
plans. ; 
Traverse work with theodolite and chain appears to have been occa- 
sionally resorted to in road surveying, with no trace of any other test being 
applied save the one I have referred to. 
For the first time for many years, and since the greater portion of the 
preceding part of this paper was written, I have looked into what may be 
considered a standard work on surveying. 
Lieut.-General Frome’s work, “ An outline of the method of conducting 
a Trigonometrical Survey, etc.,”’ revised and enlarged by Captain Warren, 
fourth edition, published 1878, may, I suppose, be looked upon as one of 
the best and latest works on the subject now published. 
Whilst this work contains much interesting and valuable information 
connected with trigonometrical survey, and contains a chapter on colonial 
