61(5 



fii.Ml'FXDII'M OF (IEXE1UC MSTIXCTIOXS. 



Family. SQUATINDJJE.— Rudy flat; eyes on upper part of I operculum and praeorbital I i.e. the bone before the orbit of tbi 



head. Spout-holes very large, and behind eyes. Pectorals 

 greatly expanded in front. 



Genus. Siii atints.— As family. Many seas. 



Sub-section. Rail - — Body flat; spiracles. Grill-apertures rive, 

 set before ventrals and under pectorals. 



Family. PRISTINID.E. — Snout prolonged into a saw-like 

 form, with teeth on each edge. Skin covered with mosaic 



scales. 



Genus. Pristiophorus. — Beak with hooked spines of various 

 lengths, prickles attached to skin. Long barbel under snout, 

 and a keel on either side. Australasian seas. 



Genus. Pristis. — Teeth of saw straight, similar, and some- 

 what lancet-shape. Teeth flat and mosaic. Tail-tin short. 

 Many warm seas. 



Family. RAIDJE. — Body very flat and broad, with slender 



tail. 



Genus. Torpedo. — Disc round and blunt in front; back 

 rounded and naked; tail-tin three-cornered. Teeth pointedand 

 attached to a cartilage. A row * if tooth-like projections mi edge 

 of spiracles. Warm and temperate seas. 



Genus. Raia. — Snout pointed and keeled, disc broad, tail 

 very slender. Teeth mosaic-like; in males pointed during 

 breeding season. 



Genus. TrygOX. — Tail armed with one or more barbed spines, 

 and as long or longer than the body. Teeth cither pointed or 

 wrinkled in the middle. Most seas. 



Genus. Myi.iobatis. — Teeth large, six-sided, mosaic. Tail 

 very long, slender, and with a powerful spine. Nostrils close 

 together in middle of snout. Warm seas. 



Genus. CephalOPTera. — Month at end of snout, and very 

 broad: teeth small, flat, and leaf-like in lower jaw; none iu the 

 upper. Head with horn-like projections of the fins. Tail very 

 long, and with a spine. Many seas. 



Order. ACANTH0PTERYG1 l.-l'art of the rays of thedorsal, 

 ventral, and anal tins not jointed, and forming spines. 



Family. GASTEROSTEIDJE. -Body long and rather com- 

 pressed; teeth in both jaws, not on tongue or palate. Three 

 branchiostegals i.e. the slender curved bones by means of which 

 the gill aperture is closed . Bones of operculum i or gill-cover 



not armed. Tarts of skeleton forming external armour. Scales 

 none, or in plates along side. Single spine before dorsal tin. and 

 ventral armed with a strong spine, and sometimes a short ray. 



Genus. (tASTEROSTEUS. — As family. Rivers and brackish 

 water, of . 1 latitudes. 



Family. BERYCID.S:.— Body rather deep and compressed; 

 eyes large and lateral. Slender teeth in both jaws, often on 

 palate. Branchiostegals four or eight. Rones of operculum 

 armed. Scales, rarely bony, ctenoid [i.e. with comb-like edge , 

 or wanting. Ventrals under breast. 



Genus. Moxocextrik. — Scales forming a bony mail, a few 

 isolated opines before dorsal. Seas of Japan, 



Genus. HoPi.osTETHL's. — Abdomen notched. No teeth on 

 vomer. Ouedorsal. Mediterranean. 



Genus. MritiPitiST's. —Two dorsals. No pr.eopcreular spine 

 see page ISA . Indian seas. 



Genus. Hoi.ockxtiuu. — Two dorsals. 1'i.eopeieiilar spine. 

 I'pper jaw not projecting. Asiatic seas. 



Family. PERCIDffi. -Scales ctenoid, lateral Urn- mostly con- 

 tin s. Operculum armed. Branchiostegals, seven or eight. 



Teeth large, pointed, on jaws, palate, and vomer. Dorsal with 

 spiny and soft portion; ventrals under breast, with one spine 

 and five soft rays. 



Genus. Perca. — 1 lorsal with thirteen to fifteen spines. Prse- 



eye) notched; bead naked above; scales small. Many fresh 



waters. 



Genus. Labrax. — Dorsal, nine spines. Teeth on tongue; 

 praeoperculum toothed beneath. Many seas. 



'.V«»s. Acerixa. —No bony ridge on operculum, no teeth on 

 palatine bones, Opercula armed; scales small. Many fresh 

 waters. 



Genus. LrciOPERCA. — Two dorsals, two spines on anal. 

 Dorsal spines twelve to fourteen. Operculum armed, prseoper- 

 culuin notched. European risers and lakes. , 



Genus. Cextropomcs. — Body flattened, operculum not spined. 

 North America. 



(renus. Cextropristis. — One dorsal. Canine teeth very 

 small; teeth on vomer in angular or triangular patch. Oper- 

 culum spined, praeoperculum serrated. North America. 



Gi-iwf. SerRANUS. — Scales small, teeth on palatine holies. 

 Dorsal nine to eleven spines, anal with three. Operculum spined. 

 Many warm seas. 



Genus. Poltprion. — One dorsal; anal two or three spines. 

 Operculum with strong bony ridge, and the bones toothed. 

 Many seas. 



Genus. Apoyox. — Lateral line commencing behind head. 

 Teeth on palatines. Proeoperculum with double serrated ridge. 

 First dorsal with six— seven spines, anal witli two: operculum 

 spined. Indian and Australian seas. 



Family. LABRID.E.— Mouth with thick fleshy lips. One 

 dorsal, spined in front, rayed behind. Ventrals under pectorals. 

 Scales cycloid. Parcl nt-like teeth on pharyngeal bones. 



ffcnits. H W.H'il.KRKs. — Dorsal low and long, reaching from 

 back of head nearly to tail. Anal rather long. Tail-tin 

 rounded. Head rather long and snout pointed. Tropical seas. 



Genus. Ki'iui i.i s. -Jaw-teeth in single row, those of phar- 

 ynx conical. Tail-fin scooped. Scales large, lateral line 

 broken. Warm and tropical seas. 



Genus. Lyiirts. — Jaw-teeth conical in single row, or with 

 lesser teeth behind front row: those of pharynx cylindrical, 

 globular, or conical. I'pper lip duplicate. Cheeks and oper- 

 culum scaly. Lateral line not broken. Many seas. 



Genus. Starts. -Head rather convex; jaws covered with 

 overlapping teeth. Rips not duplicate. Lateral line broken 

 and irregular. Tropical seas. 



Family. PRISTIPOMATIDJE. - Body ..impressed, scaled, 

 teeth of scales sometimes wanting. Branchiostegals five, six, 

 or seven. Barbels none. I )orsal one; no molar or cutting teeth. 



Genus. Pristipoma. Anal with three spines. Branchioste- 

 gals seven. Groove behind joint of lower jaw. Vertical fins 

 not scaly, or only at base. Indian and Australian seas. 



Genus. H. i:\tri, o.x. —Soft parts of vertical fins scaly. Seas of 

 Tropical America. 



Genus. Diaoramma. — Branchiostegals six — seven. Pores in 

 lower jaw, no groove; upper profile of head rounded. Indian 

 seas. 



Family. MULLIDJE — Roily long, slightly compressed; scales 

 large. Two long barbels from under jaw. Branchiostegals 

 four. Dorsal fins two, separate; ventrals with one spine ami 

 five rays. 



Genus. Mci.LTS.--Nn teeth in upper jaw. Many seas. 



Genus. I'penets. -No teeth in palate, those of jaw in a sin- 



e series. 



Family. SPARIDJE -Body as last family; tail not armed; 

 lateral line continuous, Branchiostegals five, six, or seven. 

 Teeth, either cutting in front of jaws or lateral series of molars. 



