CONTENTS. Vll 



Page 

 CHAPTER VII. 



THE EECENT MAEINE BEDS. 



Upheaval to difBerent levels constituting two stages. Sections at Peria Manal. 

 Kudan^ Kulam limestone plateaus. Idindan Karai clifE section. Vizia- 

 patti limestone. Nambi-ar section. Yellava Odai section. Tissianvilai 

 section. Bishop Caldwell's quarry. Outcrops on Shatankulam teri ; north 

 of Taruvai lake ; at Elanjund ; Christianagaram section ; Pannamparai 

 quarry section. Outcrops in the teri near Nazareth. Vedanattam calca- 

 reous grits. Sections in Madura district. Gundar ford section. Gundar 

 estuary section. Yalimukkam cliffs. The sandstone " quay " along the 

 coast. Pamhan barrier. Coral reef absent along west coast of Palk's bay. 

 Kaised coral reef on Eameswaram island. Coral reefs off the coast of 

 Tinnevelly and Madura. Connection of coral with " quay " sandstone at Kila 

 Karai. Adam's bridge ; its formation aud destruction. Jointing of the 

 sandstone ; its effect. The Legend of Eama's bridge. . . . .55 



CHAPTER VIII. 



THE ALLUVIAL FOEMATIONS. 



Effects of long continued wet cultivation. "Made ground." No deep sections. 

 Unaltered alluvium of the Palar. Prevailing type of river alluvium. Alluvia 

 of the Virudupati, Vagal, and Tambraparui rivers. Great tufaceous lime- 

 stone deposits in the southern river valleys. Marine alluvium. Marine 

 ero.sion small. Action of great coast currents. Advance of the Tambra- 

 parni delta. Sites of "Kolkoi" and "Call" determined by Bishop Caldwell. 

 Marine alluvia at Kolasekharapatanam, at Melmandai and Sivalpatti. 

 Submerged forest atValimukkam. A bone ornament out of the forest bed. 74 



CHAPTER IX. 



SOILS. 



Two groups, red and black. The cotton- soil area. Outlying patches south of 

 the Tambraparni. Patches of black soil over the alluvial area east of the 

 Gundar. Thickness of the regur spreads. No fossils in the regur. 

 Varieties of red soil. Red loam along the base of the ghats. White ant's 

 nests. Denudation by wind. Origin of the teris. Great red dust clouds. 

 White and saline soils. ...... 



CHAPTER X. 



THE ^OLIAN FOEMATIONS. 



Two groups : red blown sands or teris, white blown sands or coast dunes, Teris 

 in Nellore and South Travancore. Kotapalle teri. Kutankuli teri. Idda- 

 yangudi teri. The Taruvai lake. Sathan Kulam or Ittamoli teri. Meg- 

 nanapuram teri or Kudirai Moli. Teris north of the Tambraparni. Sawyer- 



83 



