6 Transactions. 
from India, through the Malayan region, to New Guinea, New Caledonia, 
and New Zealand. The gneissic rocks of western Otago were considered 
as being a fragment of this old and largely subsided continent. Fraser 
and Adams (1907), while remarking on the difficulty of determining 
whether the sediment forming the Mesozoic greywackes of New Zealand 
was derived from the west or east, inclined to the latter alternative (at 
least for the Coromandel region), but Morgan (1908) supported the former 
view (as regards the West Coast region), citing, but not committing him- 
self to, Lemoine’s opinion. He was opposed, however, to the hypothesis 
of the anticlinal structure of the Southern Alps, declaring that the rocks 
forming the western slopes are portions of an older chain striking to the 
north-west, and separated by overthrust faults and a zone of granitic 
intrusions from the newer Alpine chain. 
Arldt (1907, p. 456) recognized the greater part of Australia as a 
portion of an Archaean massif, a fragment of Gondwanaland, adding that 
this “appears from the Carboniferous to the beginning of the Tertiary 
to have had an important extension to the east, even to the margin of 
the inner island are of Melanesia, including the Fiji Islands, Tonga Islands, 
and New Zealand. Obviously these regions were repeatedly flooded over 
by the sea. On the other hand, the sea had very early appeared thrusting 
in between Tasmania and New Zealand, existing here during the Jurassic, 
so 
island ares about Australia. The first comprised New Guinea, New 
Caledonia, and North Auckland Peninsula, with the New Hebrides, Solo- 
mons, and Loyalty Islands as an outer zone. The second arc was a group 
of coral atolls running north-westwards from Fiji (a rather unsatisfactory 
grouping); and the third arc ran from Tonga, through the Kermadec 
Islands, into New Zealand. “ The arcs . seem to whirl towards 
the bifurcation of northern New Zealand. . . . At the same time there 
are many doubtful points. First among these is the question whether the 
Australian cordillera along the recent down-break on the eastern coast may 
Tecognized as an inner arc. If so, the whole structure would be con- 
centric about an ancient vertex [or nucleus]. But the manner in which 
the cordillera. 1s continued across Torres Strait scarcely favours that view. 
[Various conjectures may be made] but in the hope of solving 
oblems we create new ones." 
he section across the former through 
orthern Argentine as did Suess, claiming as the 
| Marshall (1909) urged the close relationshi 
: p between Tonga 
and the North Island of New Zealand, drawing attention to the sub- 
marine ridge connecting them (Suess’s third i 
egard i 
Ф 
5 
м 
umt esite-lavas and tuffs It 
3 е are closely analogous to those of New ede unm m 
