Benson.—Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Seas in Australasia. 45 
Lyman Clarke’s (1921) study of the modern echinoderms of Torres Straits 
‚ж d 
Gulf in Mesozoic time receives no support from the echinoderms. Wha 
may be called the original echinoderm fauna was on the north-west side 
connected with the Pacific; its western shores also receded until the Great 
Barrier Reef was formed. This sea was invaded by echinoderms from the 
Pacific. . . . Continued subsidence on both sides led at last to the 
formation of Torres Strait, and the East Indian echinoderms then migrated 
eastward and southward to the Queensland coast, where they mingled with 
Pacific immigrants. The latter, however, had not passed westward through 
the straits.”  (Parenthetically, we may here recall the strong physio- 
graphic evidence of the westward retreat of the Queensland coast to its 
present position in comparatively recent times: cf. David, 1911.) 
Late Jurassic, Lower and Middle Cretaceous. 
We have already seen that the marine sequence of earlier Mesozoic beds 
in New Zealand was concluded by the Tithonian or uppermost Jurassic 
beds at Kawhia, and the possibly early Cretaceous Inoceramus-bearing 
greywackes of the east coast, and, further, that the commencement of 
allied to Pholadomya elongata and Exogyra couloni, which occur in the lowest 
Cretaceous beds of southern Europe. This coal-bearing series is followed 
movement. 
Jurassic-Cretaceous passage-beds are known also in several localities 
along the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, and closely resembling these 
are coeval beds in the Sula Islands characterized by Phylloceras strigile, 
Lytoceras, ` Bochianites, Streblites, Hoplites, Himalayites, Nucula, Mytilus, 
and Anopaea, a facies recalling that of the Spiti shales. Besides these are 
rather widespread foraminiferal limestones passing into Globigerina marl 
with belemnites, and known as the Buru limestone. It occurs in Buru, 
Ceram, Misol, Eastern Celebes, and Timor. 
* Review by F. A. B. in Nature, 4th August, 1921. 
+ Concerning this species Etheridge (1892, p. 471) remarked that it “ has a strong 
resemblance to a small and peculiar species, T. semiornata, figured by A. d'Orbigny 
from the Cretaceous rocks of South America. 
