Benson.—Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Seas in Australasia. 53 
was followed by the Jo intense orogenic movements of which there is 
record in the island, which the vast intrusive masses of peridotite 
came into place. These movements were doubtless сеа with those 
occurring in Miocene times throughout the outer arc of the Malay Archi- 
pelago which gave rise to intense folding and alpine overthrusting.* In 
New Zealand, on the other hand, the Senonian beds are followed by 
Danian (?) limestones, as cow by Chapman's 1910 work, and these 
by a succession of Tertiary beds, for the most part without marked 
unconformity, though iind is some evidence of block-movements, warp- 
ing, and consequent local transgressions and regressions during that 
period. In the North Auckland Peninsula, however, the great disloca- 
tion of the Upper Cretaceous and early Tertiary beds, clay-stones, 
hydraulie limestones, &c. (into the latter of which the serpentines 
of Wade have been injected—jide Bartrum), contrasted with the lesser 
disturbance of the later Tertiary beds, suggests that this region has 
come within the influence of the New Caledonian early Tertiary orogenic 
movements. The abundant fauna exhibits but little community with 
that of the Tertiary rocks of southern Australia. In regard to the 
brachiopods, Thomson (1918) concludes that those in Australia, New 
Zealand, and South America originated on the coast of the portion 
Gondwanaland that then existed, and were grouped into different. faunal 
provinces by the early Cretaceous crust-movements, for in each area 
where Recent forms occur they are the diminished remnants of the 
* Miocene " forms in that area, and give no evidence of communication 
since that period with adjacent areas. “ The communication between 
New Zealand and Antarctica and New Zealand with the migration of the 
brachiopods may have occurred as early as in the Cretaceous, and 
apparently was earlier than the connection of Antarctica with Australia," 
A like conclusion is reached by Marshall and Murdoch (1920), who 
state that “ ће present molluscan fauna of New Zealand seems to be a 
remnant of a fauna of early or middle Tertiary age." While, Ее 
there is some indication of an influx of South American ^ Міос 
forms into New Zealand (when the New ҳай fauna was вк 
more allied to that of Patagonia than of Australia), it has been completely 
isolated ever since. 
Thus it would appear as if at the close of Mesozoic times the 
8 
have had very diverse histories during the Tertiary period, to have 
been submerged, warped, aerated. or folded at different times, and to 
have developed provincial faunas with little intermigration. Little has 
yet been done which permits us to correlate the Tertiary records in 
these various regions. The end of the Mesozoic period thus appears 
to be a fitting point to close this attempt to trace in broad outlines 
the С tot evolution of Australasia, and the source of its successive 
marine faunas 
continuation of the same orogeny occurred т! the archipelago at the 
close ae Pliocene time, but was then chiefly in the nature of vertical block-movements, 
though with a considerable кобине! displacement also т бан 1919, 1921). 
