Warr.—Leaf-mining Insects of New Zealand. 485 
Direction of mine tortuous, and in small leaves markedly vermiform ; little 
tendency to formation of branches ; margins fairly even and almost p varallel, 
Colour TE white except when covering cuticle is quite fresh 
then pale gree Neither veins nor midrib appear to be a any barrier to 
larva at any woe of its existence. Margin of leaf rarely followed closely 
except ^ very short distances. At terminal part gallery widens slightly, 
and within this area larva pupates. Frass scanty, deposited in minute 
use semi-fluid spots in a single narrow line towards one side of gallery. _ 
Very little evidence of mine on underside of leaf. Rarely more than one 
larva to a leaf. Not only are leaves nearest ground attacked, but also 
those 15 ft. to 20 ft. up. Average length of mine, about 15 c ст. 
The Рира. (Figs. 15, 16.) 
Pupa well cemented to floor and roof of mine. The two anterior 
respiratory processes are thrust through cuticle of leaf to exterior. There 
appears to be no decided preference for one side of the leaf or the other. 
Pupa flattened dorso-ventrally, and as viewed from above somewhat ovoid 
in shape ; segments barely rounded, slightly roughened, and shiny, à a 
shallow transverse furrow in centre of dorsum of each segment both i 
front and behind; a single row of minute spots and several series of 
microscopic spines in intersegmental regions. Ventral halves of first three 
and a half segments slightly flattened to form a “ head-plate,” and in 
ма шй anterior end of pupa with anterior respiratory processes is 
directed ventrad ; respiratory processes are not here connected with “ head- 
plate,” as in A. “fla vopleura ; they are fairly long and slender, knobbed, 
fairly close together, and arise from a distinct tubercle, Posterior respira- 
ry processes stouter, about half the length of the anterior, farther apart, 
and barely expanded at their tips. Colour of pupa dark brown (dark amber 
in empty puparia), with a darker mid-ventral stripe which widens cephalad 
and is almost black at anterior end. Anterior respiratory processes black, 
and posterior ones’ very dark brown at their tips; head-plate dark brown 
with an obscurely darker central band. Anal aperture slightly sunken. 
Average dimensions: Length, 2-7 mm.; greatest ventro-dorsal dia- 
meter, 0-76 mm. ; gree test transverse diameter, 1 mm. ; length of ventral 
head- -plate, 0-63 m 
Average бетт of pupal existence under normal conditions, thirty 
days. 
` On dehiscence the ventral head-plate breaks through cuticle of leaf and 
allows fly to emerge; also a slight splitting bond around transverse 
suture. Unlike A. haeo oiri, where dorsum of pupa is outermost—that 
is to say, next rris through which x тея сену processes аге 
extruded—in both Р: clematadi and Р. albiceps it is the ventral surface 
that is outermost. 
(23.) Phytomyza albiceps Mg. (The Thistle-fly). 
Phytomyza albiceps Mg.: Miller and Watt, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 47, 
om: 
p. 279, 1915. 
commonest xis most widely spread leaf-mining fly in New Zealand, 
its white galleries showing conspicuously in the leaves of the common 
. albiceps, and, as mentioned previously, it is quite possible that it is 
