518 Transactions. 
The following table gives a classification of formations in the littoral 
belt. Definitions of each formation and descriptions of typical associations 
are given in the next section. 
TABLE OF PRINCIPAL MARINE LITTORAL FORMATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND. 
Formations. Associations. 
Group I.—Formations on Rock. 
Series 1.—Algae. 
Durvillea antarctica ; Carpophyllum-Lessonia. 
Large brown algae .. 
Small emerging algae— 
Subformation 1 .. | Corallina ; Corallina- Hormosira. 
Subformation 2 .. | Hormosira Banksii. 
Subformation 3 .. | Porphyra columbina ; Ulva rigida. 
Subformation 4  .. | Bostrychia arbuscula ; Caulacanthus spinellus. 
Series 2, —Benthic Animals. 
Coriaceous-coated animals .. | Cynthia ; Corella. 
Shelled animals— 
Subformation 1  .. | Mytilus ; Ostrea cucullata ; Modiolus pulex. 
Subformation 2 .. | Vermilia carinifera. 
Subformation 3 .. | Elminius plicatus ; Chamaesipho columna. 
Subformation 4  .. | Cellana- Monodonta ; Melaraphe. 
Group II.—Formations on Sand and Mud. 
Series 3.—Benthic (Burrowing) Animals. 
Burrowing mollusca .. | Amphidesma ; Antigona stutchburyi ; P hytia. 
Series 4.—Herbaceous Plants. 
+ | Zostera. 
| Juncus-Leptocarpus. 
Grass-wrack 
Salt-reed-swamp 
Series 5.—Mangrove. 
Mangrove T .. | Avincennia officinalis. 
IEEE 
LARGE-BROWN-ALGAE FORMATION. 
The habitat of the large-brown-algae formation consists of rocks about 
and below low-tide mark. At low water, spring tides, the formation may 
be exposed for half a metre in vertical width; at пеар tides it will not Pe 
uncovered. Moderate waves wash to the upper limit during low water, 
spring tides, so that the formation is almost constantly wet. It occurs on 
Epiphytes — 
consist of algae and animals. There is an undergrowth of small а 
chiefly coralline and soft red kinds, while the rock-surface may be covered 
with Melobesia and Lithothamnion. 
The large brown algae have tough pliant stems and usually narrow  —— 
segments, either ribbon-like or leaf-like, and are buoyed up by bec “ eee 
Thi 
into a central colourless large-celled tissue. The thallus-segments 8170 
