OrrvER.— Marine Littoral Plant and Animal Communities. 533 
Tubicolous-polychaet Subformation. 
A different association is that of a worm, Hermella spinulosa, forming 
large colonies of sand-tubes along the coast in Hauraki Gulf. In Aus- 
tralia the Galeolaria caespitosa association would belong to the present 
subformation (see Hedley, 1915, p. 64). 
Vermilia Association. 
outwards from the point of attachment to the rock. The apertures are 
all pointing outwards, and the whole mass thus formed may be 1ш. 
or more in length and $ т. high. The general surface is more or less 
rounded, and from a distance presents very much the appearance of the 
vegetable sheep (Raoulia) of the Southern Alps. 
Onl 
mud. The main portion of the mass is therefore empty tubes and mud. 
organism in a belt of rocks above the brown-algae formation. Its massed 
Chamaesipho, algae, and Crepidula crepidula. Many of the Mytilus shells 
к Tum А 
the usual intertidal species—Neothais succincta, Lepsiella scobina, Cellana 
radians, Sypharochiton pellisserpentis, and Monodonta aethiops. 
Sessile-virripede Subformation. (Plate 46, fig. 1.) 
This is the most common shelled-animals community in the littoral 
belt. At every point on the coast some of the intertidal space 1s occupied 
Elminius plicatus Association. 
akapuna.—At Red Bluff, above the belt of Ostrea cucullata, there 
is a well-defined belt ‘covered almost entirely with the large Elminius 
