AnpERSEN.—An Introduction to Maori Music. 747 
the most usual number in instruments that have been preserved being 
three. The great difference between the koauau and the flute is in the 
method of producing the sound. The present-day flute has the embouchure, 
or hole to which the lips are set, in the side, and the breath is blown across 
the flute, the hole at the top being plugged. The koauau was like the 
Egyptian nay in having both ends open and in having no side embouchure, 
the sound being produced by blowing across the open upper end. Polack 
says of their flutes “. . . the sounds elicited from them are very 
unharmonious. They differ in shape and size, some possessing three, four, 
koauaw, and has never seen a koauau in the possession of a Maori. 1t 
was only by repeated experiment that he was able to sound some of those 
in the Dominion Museum collection; many of the small bone koauau 
have remained obstinately mute. In April, 1923, he heard a Maori air 
overblowing and cross-fingering, 80 it might be produced on the koauau. 
The writer has been unable, however, to overblow the koauau; it will 
speak only in its natural notes: the pipe, which is much longer than the 
koauau, the holes being towards the extreme end, speaks in the upper 
octave. No octave can be produced on the koauau ; six consecutive notes 
as those in the front. Colenso writes, i 
ferently formed from those for the nose,” but does not say in what way 
they differed. : ; ; 
Whilst at Rotorua in April, 1920, the writer was with one of the 
h id, the koawau was the length of the forefinger ; and 
wid ae bee "d was pressed down against the extended thumb and 
laid along the forefinger the top hole was opposite the top joint of the 
finger, the second hole opposite the second joint, and the third opposite 
