ANDERSEN.—An Introduction to Maori Music. 753 
Taking the old koauau, No. 1, as a standard, then supposing Nos. 2 
and 3 to be made the same length, their holes should be separated by the 
distances below :— 
Hole No: 1. | No. 2. No. 3. 
anos Difference. Difference. 
Mm. Mm. | У Mm. Mm. | Mm. 
1 de AE 53 A 21 £y 41 КУ 
2 L^ ons 76 23 54 27 75 34 
3 F 113 уа HE 63 121 46 
Or, supposing the holes to be pierced at the same proportionate distances 
in koauau Nos. 9 and 3 as in No. 1, they should be as under :— 
Hole. No. 1. | No. 2. No. 3. 
1 53 40 instead of 20 41 instead of 32 
2 16 51 Lo 41 59 T 58 
3 113 85 3s 88 88 E 94 
The one point of similarity is that holes 1 and 2 are nearer together 
Tt is possible to play some of these koauau as nose-flutes ; the Ven 
Anhi Williams tells me that No. 2 above was so played by the old 
man by whom it was given to him. The koauau is held with the hole at 
the top end closed by being pressed against the upper lip, so that the first 
side hole is under the left nostril. The right nostril is closed with the 
right thumb, and the top hole practically becomes the embouchure of a 
temporarily transverse flute. he sound produced is, however, feeble, and 
do not think that the koauau was generally used in this way as a nose- 
flute—in most instanċes the perforation of the holes would not allow of 
it. Old illustrations are unsatisfactory. These usually represent the nose- 
flute as much longer than the koauau, and the "atem appears to be 
directly into the tube, not across, as 1n the koauau. ; 
In the bone flutes the three holes are usually the same distance apart. 
1 | есй he Otago 
little example of a bone flute from the John White collection in t g 
Univétaity o ai (Plate 83, fig. 4). It is only 115 mm. in length, and 
the original three holes are respectively 31 mm., 45 mm., à 67 mm. from 
* See i on in Jules et Edouard Verreaux, L’Oceanie en estampes, p. 314; 
Paris, cone oe ies тай references in Hamilton, р. 386, footnote. 
