182 Transactions.—Z oology. 
Epitome of modern fish culture.—In the year 1763 a German, named 
Jacobi, has been chronicled as having rediscovered the lost secret—the 
natural process of fish propagation—as known to Don Pinchon in the 
fourteenth century. For thirty years, it would appear, Jacobi practised 
successfully the breeding of fish, by placing the ova of salmon and trout in 
gravel under water, contained in wooden boxes. In 1834, in Scotland, Mr. 
Young at Invershin and Mr. Shaw at Drumlanrig began the same artificial 
process with the salmon, as an experiment to determine (as they did deter- 
mine) the identity of the parr with the salmon. These experiments, with 
the subsequent success of the celebrated salmon ponds at Stormontfield on 
the River Tay (begun November, 1853), may be said to have inaugurated 
and given that impetus which has set agoing fish-breeding establishments 
in so many different parts of the world. In the year 1840, Joseph Remi, 4 
Frenchman living on the Moselle, in ignorance of what had been long 
known, himself discovered by long and patient watching that the female 
deposited the eggs and the male fish then impregnated them. The outcome 
of this was the erection of the well-known French fish hatchery at Huningue, 
established in August, 1852. Thaddeus Norris in his work on American 
fish culture gives the year 1864 as that in which salmon and trout were first 
reared artificially in the United States. This was accomplished by Mr. 
Johnston of New York. Mr. Samuel Wilmot was the first to succeed. 
in hatching out and bringing up to 1b. in weight many of the whitefish 
(Coreyonus albus). This he did in 1867 at his breeding ponds, Newcastle, 
Ontario, Canada; and it would appear that Canada took the lead as to time 
in establishing in America the now great industry of fish hatching. Mr. 
Wilmot in his report to the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, for . 
1878, says: ‘‘ Although fish culture was not adopted as a governmental 
work in any of the States of the Union till after its practical application in 
Canada, it has nevertheless made prodigious strides since, quite eclipsing i 
its onward course any other country in the world. At the present time no 
less than twenty-seven State Legislatures enact laws and grant aid towards 
the encouragement and advancement of artificial fish culture, etc.” 
But a new era in pisciculture has been established, by the successful 
transport of salmon ova alive from England to Australia, in 1864. This is 
known as the “ Norfolk” shipment, and out of it 8000 young salmon fry 
were hatched out in Tasmania, on the river Plenty. Many were lost in 
some unaccountable manner, but eventually 500 were turned into that 
river. Since then there have been various reports that the Salmo salar had 
returned from the sea and been identified as grilse. This may or May not 
be ; but it should be remembered that salmon-trout were also introduced 
: into Tasmania, and ova of the bull-trout (S, eriow/ appears to have come by 
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