250 Transactions—Zoology. 
C@LENTERATA AND PROTOZOA. 
Of these very little is known. Our seven species of corals are all peculiar, 
as also appear to be many species of Sertularians and sponges, but I know of 
no facts among these lower animals that will help out the present investigation 
except in the case of Cryptolaria, a genus belonging to the family Sertularide, 
and consisting of two species, one of which is found in New Zealand and the 
other in Madeira. 
Summary. 
If now we review the evidence adduced, and select the more important 
points we find in the distribution of the Struthious birds, the frogs, fresh- 
water fishes, several shells (such as Cyclina kroyert, Mytilus magellanicus, 
Anomia alecto, Barbatia pusilla, Chione stutchburyi, and Ranella vexillum), 
in the genus Hemicops among the Centipedes, and Peripatus among the 
Annelids, evidence of a former great extension of land in the Southern 
Hemisphere, for these cases cannot all be accounted for by drifting icebergs. 
With the exception of the shells and two fresh-water fishes no species however 
is common to New Zealand and South America on the one hand, nor to New 
Zealand and South Africa on the other, for I omit from consideration the 
species of marine fish, as they might perhaps have crossed at a later date. In 
the frogs the genera, and in the birds the families, are different. This perhaps 
indicates a very long interval since the Separation of these countries took 
place, but differentiation of form, even in closely allied species, is evidently a 
very fallacious guide in judging of lapse of time, and a surer one is afforded us 
in the absence of Mammalia from New Zealand, for it is evident that if the 
Marsupials that now inhabit Australia, or the placental Mammals that inhabit 
South America, had been in existence at the time of the distribution of the 
Struthions birds some members would have found their way to New Zealand, 
and would have remained upon it with the Moas. This antarctic continental 
period must therefore have preceded the spread of the Mammalia into the 
Southern Hemisphere. Besides this continental period we have evidence in 
Ludynamis taitiensis, Naultinus pacificus, Amphibola avellana, Musca taitensis, 
and in the genera Ocydromus and Nestor, of a Polynesian continent quite 
unconnected with Australia, but including Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, 
and New Caledonia, while by Helix coniformis, H. rapida, H. radiaria and 
H. vitrea, we can prove a close connection with the New Hebrides, Solomon 
Islands, Louisade Archipelago, and the Admiralty Islands. By Vanina among 
land shells, and Assiminea among fresh-water shells, we prove a connection 
also with the Navigator and Friendly Islands, and these genera take us north 
through the Molucca Islands, Celebes, Borneo and the Philippines, to China, 
where we again come across many New Zealand species and genera. The 
