042 



COMPENDIUM OF GENERIC DISTINCTIONS. 



single scale ill front. Claws strong and curved. Habitat — 

 Africa. 



Genus. Vidua. — Bill compressed, advancing in point on fore- 

 head; nostrils bidden by plumes. Wings, third to fifth quills 

 longest, first spurious. Tail-coverts and tail-feathers length- 

 ened variously. Tarsi with divided scales in front. Habitat — 

 Africa. 



Sub-family. Coccothraustinae.— Bill large, short, very broad 

 at base, curved at tip. Wings long and pointed. Tail short. 

 Tarsi and toes moderate. 



Genus. Cardinalis.— Bill advanced on forehead, edges 

 waved in middle; nostrils rounded, hidden by plumes. Wings, 

 fifth quill longest, four first graduated. Tail rather lung, 

 rounded. Tarsi strong. Claws short. Habitat — America. 



'/(jo's. COCCOTHRAUSTES. — Bill, edges angular at base; nos- 

 trils, oval, hidden by plumes. Wings, second and third quills 

 longest. Tail short, rather forked. Outer toe longer than in- 

 ner. Habitat — Europe, North America, Northern India. 



Sub-family. Tanagrinae.- Bill triangular at base, rather 

 arched to tip, which is scooped. Wings moderate, pointed. 

 Tarsi and toes short and slender. 



Genus. Pyranga. — Bill compressed to tip; nostrils small, 

 partly hidden by plumes. Wings, third quill longest. Tail 

 moderate. Habitat- New World. 



Sub-family. Fringillinae.— Bill short, sloping to tip. Wings 

 long and pointed. Tarsi moderate, slender, transversely scaled. 



Genus. Amadina.— Bill very broad at base, flattened above 

 and pointed on forehead; nostrils sunken, hidden by plumes. 

 Wings, third and fourth quills longest, second nearly equal, 

 first very small. Tarsi short. Habitat — Africa, Asia, and 

 Australia. 



Genus. Frixgilla. — Bill broad at base; nostrils in small 

 groove. Wings, second and third quills equal and longest, first 

 nearly as long. Tail moderate, slightly forked. Outer toe 

 united to middle at base. Habitat— Most parts of world. 



Genus. Passer, — Bill broad at base, slightly scooped at tip; 

 nostrils partly covered by plumes. Wings, second and third 

 quills longest. Tail moderate. Habitat — Europe, Asia, and 

 Africa. 



Genus. ZOSOTRICHIA. — Bill, tip not scooped, nostrils in small 

 groove. Wings, second to fourth quills longest. Tail rather 

 long and broad. Tarsi short. Outer toe united at base, hind 

 toe long, with very long curved claws. Habitat — America. 



Genus. Ammodro.mus. — Bill straight, keel prominent at base; 

 nostrils in small groove. Wings, second to fourth quills long- 

 est, first short. Tail, lateral bathers graduated. Hind toe 

 long, and with long claws. Habitat — America. 



Sub-family. Emberizinae. — Bill rather flattened above, straight, 

 edges waved, a hard knob on palate of upper inaudible. Wings 

 pendant and pointed. 'Tarsi moderate, scaled; hind toe Linger 

 than inner. 



Genus. Euspiza. — Bill slightly si ped at tip; nostrils oval, 



partly hidden by plumes. Wings, second to fourth quills long- 

 est. Tail slightly forked. 'Tarsi with long scales. Habitat — 

 Asia, Eastern Europe, and America. 



Genus. Emberiza.— Bill small, nostrils partly hidden by 

 pinnies. Wings, second and third quills longest. Tail rather 

 forked, feathers sharp. Claw of hind toe long. Habitat — Old 

 and New World. 



Genus. PLECTROPHANER. — Bill short, advancing on forehead, 

 palatial knob elongated. Wings, second and third quills long- 

 est. Claw of hind toe nearly straight. Habitat — Europe and 

 North America. 



Sub-family. Alaudinse. — Wings with tertials nearly or quite 

 as long as primaries. Claws long, curved. Head of hind toe 

 very long and nearly straight. 



Genus. Alauda.— Bill slightly arched above, nostrils oval, 

 bidden by plumes. Wings, third quill generally longest, first 

 sometimes spurious. Tail moderate, slightly forked. Habitat 

 —<Ud World. 



Genus. Otocoris. — Bill slender. Wings long, first to third 

 quills longest. Tail long and even. 'Tarsi anil toes short. Habi- 

 tat — Northern Europe and America. 



Sub-family. Pyrrhulinae. — Bill very stout, short, arched 

 above. Wings moderate, rounded. Tail moderate, slightly 

 forked. Tarsi short. 



Genus. Ptrrhcla.— Bill rather flattened at base, wider than 

 high. Wings, second to fourth quills longest. Tarsi and toes 

 strongly scaled. Habitat — Europe and Northern India. 



Sub-family. Loxianae. — Bill broad, compressed towards tips, 

 which sometimes cross, or upper overhangs lower, curved. 

 Wings rather long. Tail moderate. Tarsi short. 



Genus. Loxia. — Bill moderate, mandibles crossing. Wings, 

 first to third quills longest. Tail short, slightly forked. Tarsi 

 scaled, flattened below knee. 



Sub-family. Phytotominae. — Bill short, edges notched. 



Genus. Phytotoma. — Bill, gradually compressed to tip, keel 

 rather arched, edges finely notched. Wings, third to fifth long- 

 est. Hind toe long. Habitat — South America. 



Family. COLIDJE.— Bill moderate, keel elevated at base, 

 sides compressed to tip; nostrils in large membranous grooves. 

 Wings short. Tail long and graduated. Toes long, hind toe 

 directed forwards. 



Germs. Colius. — Bill, edges waved. Wings, second to 

 fourth quills longest. Tail, feathers narrow. Habitat — Africa. 



Family. MUSOPHAGIDiE.-Bill. keel much elevated and 

 curved, sides much flattened, tip deeply scooped. Wings long 

 and round. 'Tail long and broad. Tarsi moderate, transversely 

 scaled in front. 



Sub-family. Musophaginae. — Outer toe capable of being 

 turned back. 



Genus. Musophaga. — Bill large, much advanced on fore- 

 head; nostrils near middle. Wings rather short, fourth and 

 fifth quills longest, tertials broad. Tail rounded. Habitat — 

 Africa. 



Genus. TuraCDS. — Bill short; nostrils in middle partly 

 covered with plumes. Wings, fourth to seventh quills longest. 

 Habitat— Africa. 



Genus. SCHIZORHIS. — Bill short, much arched, nostrils near 

 base, and elongated. Wings, fourth to sixth quills longest. 

 Tail long and equal. Edges of toes with a membrane. Habi- 

 tat—Africa. 



Sub-family. Opisthocorainae. — Toes long, outer not capable 

 of being turned back. 



Genus. Opisthocomus.— Bill, upper mandible hooked over 

 base, whicdi is suddenly terminated; nostrils surrounded by a 

 membrane, in middle of bill. Wings, sixth quill longest, first 

 five graduated. Sides of head bare. Habitat— South America. 



FAMILY. BUCEROTIDJE.— Bill long, curved, broad at base, 

 compressed to tip; keel mostly with bony helmet; nostrils at 

 base. Wings moderate. Tail broad and graduated. 



Genus. BuCEROS. — Hill very large 1 , helnieted, edges notched 

 in adult. Wings, third and fourth quills longest. Tail mostly 

 long. Tarsi strong, broadly scaled in front. Toes united at 

 base, outer to second joint. Face and throat nearly bare. 

 Habitat— Africa and India. 



Order. SCANSORES. — Toes arranged two in front and two 

 behind. 



FAMILY. RHAMPHASTID.E— Bill very long and wide, 

 curved above, compressed, edges notched. 



Genus. RHAMPHASTOS. — Bill, nostrils at base, nearly hidden 

 by projection of keel. Wings short, rounded, fifth quill longest, 

 four first graduated and narrow at tip. Tail, short, even. 

 'Toes, outer pair larger than inner; claws strong. Habitat — 

 South America. 



FAMILY. PSITTACID*.— Bill large and powerful, much 

 arc lied, tip elongated, base with a cere containing nostrils. 

 Wings and tail usually long. 



Sub-family. Pezoporinae. — Bill moderate, tip sometimes 



