FISHES COLLECTED IN JAPAN. 277 



Valenciennes, (op. cit., p. 163,) who however, places it with Salmo, understanding the phrase 

 of Pallas to refer to the teeth of the palatines only. The specimen examined at Berlin by M. 

 Valenciennes had lost its tongue, palatines, and vomer. This question cannot, therefore, be 

 settled from present data. 



Pallas says of its habits, that " it is found in the Arctic sea as well as in the eastern ocean, 

 in bays and estuaries, in great abundance, particularly in the spring, not ascending the streams 

 a great distance. In the most northern waters it appears in the middle of June, when it is 

 caught during the rest of the month. In the rivers of Kamtschatka, where it runs larger, it 

 appears about the middle of April. It is a marine shore fish, not remaining long in fresh water, 

 returning about the middle of May to the sea. It is one of the most palatable fish of its kind, 

 either smoked or salted, and is brought under the name of Somgha from Archangel to St. Pe- 

 tersburgh and Moscow." This is a great range for one species of salmon. Pallas adds that it 

 is generally a foot and a half in length ; the largest of the eastern seas reaching to a yard and 

 and a half. His specimen was almost seventeen inches long. In describing it, the principal 

 characteristics given are as follows : " Resembling the common salmon. Snout rather obtuse. 

 Lower jaw rather the shortest when mouth is closed, often hooked at the apex in the old 

 Kamtschatka specimens. Large hooked teeth in the jaws, with a parallel series on the palate, 

 and on the tongue a double row of large claw-like teeth, composed of six large ones, and a small 

 one at the apex. Small rounded opercles. Twelve branchial rays. Body full, tapering, com- 

 pressed, and with small scales. Lateral line straight, rising towards the head. Fins fleshy. 

 Adipose dorsal small, narrow, dilaled at the end, with upper margin serrated, and placed 

 behind the anal. Tail forked, with equal lobes. Fin rays. D, 1. 12, (rarely 11 or 12) ; A, 

 1. 10 or 11 ; P, 14 ; V, 9 ; 0, 19. Color silvery ; above and for a little distance below the 

 lateral line bluish ; back dusky, abdomen brilliant white. Orbicular white spots scattered 

 (over body,) becoming greenish towards the back. The pectorals, ventrals, and anal, white ; 

 dorsals dusky. These colors are sometimes darker throughout. The flesh of the northern ones 

 red ; of the eastern ones white." 



A comparison of the measurements given by Pallas, with the drawing, corresponds in several 

 important parts so nearly that there can be but little doubt as to the identity of his Leticomaenis 

 of Kamtschatka with the figure of the fish taken at Hakodadi. 



44. SALMO . Young? 



PLATE X, fig. 1. 



Notes. — From Hakodadi Bay, (6J inches.) 



This seems to be a young salmon of uncertain species. It cannot be a brook trout, the young 

 of which are barred as in the figure, but which remain in fresh water, and lose these distinctive 

 markings when three or four inches long. The young salmon of the first season, known as the 

 Parr on the English coast, have the same bands, and it is no doubt a salmon of the Northwest 

 Pacific, in this state, which was figured at Hakodadi. 



The figure represents a gracefully proportioned fish with rather pointed jaws, the under ones 

 longest; head four and a half in total length. Eyes large. Dorsal rounded in outline, with 



