-8- 



of the disease 600 km south of Algiers where the disease does not 

 occur. Only one of the inoculations produced positive results (Adler 

 and Theodor, 1925). 



Adler and Theodor (1925), studying Phlebotomus in Jericho 

 (Jordan) found heavy " Herpetomonas " infections in four female sand 

 flies out of nearly 400 dissected. Material from one of these 

 infected flies was inoculated into the forearm of a volunteer and a 

 small papule containing Leishman-Donovan bodies (amastigotes) was 

 subsequently produced. Following this successful transmission of 

 oriental sore, they conducted feeding experiments to determine if 

 " Herpetomonas tropica " was capable of developing in P. papatasi after 

 a feed on an oriental sore, and whether or not the parasite remained 

 infective to man after passing through the sand fly. Dissections were 

 made two to seven days after the infective feed; 16 sand flies were 

 found to be infected. Material from these artificially infected flies 

 was inoculated into volunteers, none of whom subsequently showed signs 

 of infection. Although, Adler and Theodor felt that their experiments 

 had provided sufficient proof of the role of sand flies as vectors of 

 oriental sore, this view was criticized by Wenyon (Lainson, 1982), who 

 emphasized the need to transmit oriental sore by natural bite of the 

 sand fly. Adler and Theodor replied by ingeniously demonstrating the 

 capability of the sand fly to transmit Leishmania by bite, although it 

 was not from man to man (Adler, 1928). Phlebotomus papatasi were fed 

 through a rabbit-skin membrane on a culture of L tropica , and eight 

 days later were allowed to feed through another membrane on sterile, 

 inactivated rabbit serum. Some of this serum was sown into blood-agar 

 medium used for culturing Leishmania. Flagellates were 



