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different insects, but they commonly produce a substance for attaching 

 the eggs to the substrate. This material may also serve as a 

 protective covering for the eggs. There is considerable confusion, 

 even controversy, in the literature over the value of accessory gland 

 examination as an indicator for determing parity in sand fly 

 populations. Adler and Theodor (1935) stated that it was possible to 

 distinguish between blood-fed and unfed females of the palearctic sand 

 fly, P. perniciosis Newstead, by examining the accessory glands since 

 granules never appeared in the accessory glands unless the female had 

 had a blood meal. A few days after a small blood meal they were full 

 of granules. They further stated that during egg laying most of the 

 granules were passed out with the eggs, but some granules remained and 

 could be seen in dissections. The presence of granules in the 

 accessory glands of female P. perniciosus with an empty alimentary 

 tract was the only morphological feature that distinguished parous 

 females from newly hatched ones. They also stated that the granules 

 were formed independent of copulation, depending only on a blood-meal 

 in _P. perniciosus. 



Adler and Theodor (1957) referred to the indicative value of the 

 accessory glands for sand flies in general. Garnham and Lewis (1959) 

 noted high proportions of dissected sand flies with granules in the 

 accessory glands and concluded that some of the flies might be 

 nullipars secreting granules. They suggested studying the value of 

 these organs as indicators of nulliparous flies in Belize. Lewis and 

 Minter (1960) examined ovaries and accessory glands of some tropical 

 African sand flies, in Kenya, and found that when the ovaries were 

 small, residual secretions in the accessory glands were useful in 



