-124- 



1983. The first adult (female) did not appear until 21 November 1983 

 (134 days after oviposition). This female mated, fed and deposited a 

 batch of 100% diapause eggs. 



Larvae hatching in October and November experienced cooler 

 temperatures than larvae hatching during the summer. These 

 individuals developed normally until about the 3rd and 4th instars and 

 then ceased development. On warm days they would move sluggishly 

 about and continue to feed, but on cold days (near freezing) activity 

 ceased and did not resume until the next warm day. Several 4th 

 instars survived freezing temperatures, but all succumbed to 

 temperatures below -2°C, and neither pupae nor larvae endured the 

 winter. 



Adults 



Emergence patterns . The degree of synchrony and time of adult 

 emergence varied depending on rearing temperature, moisture factors, 

 and larval diet. The top portion of Figure 3-12 depicts the adult 

 emergence pattern of the first colony generation (76 egg batches from 

 wild-caught females). It typifies the prolonged adult emergence 

 observed during the first three laboratory generations. The immature 

 stages were reared at 24°C and fed standard sand fly diet, coarsely 

 ground and applied moist. The range of emergence was 29 to 80 days 

 postoviposition, with a mean emergence time of 45 days. Males emerged 

 an average of five days earlier than females, with a mean time to 

 eclosion of 43 days, compared to 48 days for females. Eighty-two 

 percent of adults emerging during the first five days were males and 

 83X emerging during the last 20 days were females. In contrast, 



