-138- 



their eggs. This ridged pattern is probably formed by accessory gland 

 material as the egg passes through the oviduct. Undeposited eggs, even 

 if they have darkened, do not have ridges (Perkins, 1982). The 

 accessory gland material is presumed to be the glue with which the 

 eggs adhere to the substrate (Chaniotis, 1967). In nature, this 

 adhesive probably prevents the eggs from being blown or washed away by 

 wind or rain, or from being carried away by predators, as well as 

 serving as a barrier against dessication or mold (Johnson and Hertig, 

 1961). The thick shell of Lu . diabol ica eggs, in addition to 

 furnishing protection against drying during the normal prehatching 

 period, probably serves as a protection during periods of egg 

 quiescence or diapause. This is consistent with the observations of 

 Johnson and Hertig (1961) who noted that most surface-feeding 

 Panamanian species have dark, thick-shelled eggs and that at least 

 some, i.e., lu. gomezi (Nitz.), undergo periods of quiescence in the 

 egg stage. 



Reports on fecundity rates in sand flies are often misleading 

 since the number of eggs laid is usually different from the number 

 matured (Table 2-3, p. 59, Chap. 2; Chaniotis, 1967). Thirty-one to 

 thirty-seven percent of wild-caught Lu. diabol ica females retained at 

 least some of their eggs and a comparable percentage of laboratory- 

 bred females retained eggs. Lindquist (1936) stated that as many as 40 

 eggs may be laid by a single female. Endris (1982) reported means 

 between 32.0 and 39.6 eggs per batch and a maximum of 64. The overal 1 

 mean observed for all generations during this study (26.9 eggs per 

 batch) was lower than that observed by Endris, but 5th and 8th 

 generation means (36.1 and 32.3 eggs per batch) were comparable. The 



