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Development . The ten-day decrease in total immature development 

 time due to increased rearing temperature (Table 3-2) is consistent 

 with findings by other authors of temperature dependent increases in 

 rates of development in neotropical and nearctic sand fly species 

 (Johnson and Hertig, 1961; Chaniotis, 1967; Ki 1 1 ick-Kendrick, 1977; 

 Endris, 1982; Perkins, 1982). Highest mortalities occurred at both 

 24°C and 27°C in the egg stage. It should be noted that no distinction 

 was made between losses due to egg death, i.e., death of the embryo, 

 and nonhatching due to infertility. Highest mortalities beyond the 

 egg stage occurred in the 1st stadium at both temperatures. These 

 results are consistent with the observations of the previously 

 mentioned authors. Differences in mortality between the two 

 temperatures were not significant (Fig. 3-6). 



The observation that females eclose later than males is 

 consistent with the findings of other workers (Gemetchu, 1977; 

 Perkins, 1982). The longer 4th stadium in females may indicate a 

 critical period during which sexual development occurs, or during 

 which the female stores up fat deposits to be invested in egg 

 production. On the other hand, it may also be critical for males to 

 have a shorter 4th stadium than females, thus enabling them to eclose 

 earlier and mature sexually before the females make their debut. A 

 knowledge of how much later female eclosion will be at specific 

 temperatures may facilitate planning of disease transmission 

 experiments requiring large numbers of unfed females. 



These findings indicate that rates of development in the field 

 are strongly influenced by ambient temperatures and that the number of 

 generations per year will depend on mean seasonal temperatures in both 



