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Adults 



Emergence patterns . Male Lu. diabolica have a shorter egg-to- 

 adult development period than females, enabling them to mature 

 reproductively (rotate their genitalia) before the females emerge. 

 This is consistent with findings of other workers. Gemetchu (1976) 

 observed that for 402 adult P. longipes from the same pupal generation 

 and eclosing over a 10-day period, 95% of the flies that appeared 

 during the first three days were males and 90% during the last three 

 days were females. Endris (1982) and Perkins (1982) reported similar 

 adult emergence patterns for Lu. anthophora and Llk shannoni , 

 respectively. 



Comparison of emergence patterns of the 1st and 13th-generation 

 adults (Fig. 3-12) reveals that the longer the mean generation time 

 was, the more prolonged the adult-emergence interval, and the more 

 pronounced the protandry. In extreme situations, under less than 

 optimal conditions, the generation time was extended beyond 60 days, 

 resulting in a more asynchronous male:female emergence pattern. This 

 reduced mating success, since some males died before they had a chance 

 to mate with the later-emerging females. During the first nine 

 laboratory generations, and particularly when adult numbers were low 

 (7th, 8th, and 9th), it was not uncommon to have almost exclusively one 

 sex at a time in the mating chamber. 



The total period of adult emergence and protandry were contracted 

 significantly by increasing the rearing temperature from 24°C to 27°C 

 and by improving the larval diet. The resulting synchronization 

 increased mating success, as witnessed by an increase in percent 

 fertile egg batches and an accompanying increase in percent hatch per 



