10 



In the light of recent developments in tsetse ecology, where a range of 

 kairomones has been found, it is surprising that to-date only one chemical 

 (lactic acid) has been demonstrated to be a mosquito kairomone, while 

 several studies indicate that other human emanations are also attractive to 

 mosquitoes. Most studies used Ae. aegypti as a target insect and much 

 remains to be done on host-oriented behavior of medically important groups 

 such as the anophelines. . . . 



It should be noted that studies in the last few years involving l-octen-3-ol as an 



attractant for Ae. taeniorhynchus , among other species, have shown great promise 



since the review by Takken. Attraction of mosquitoes to l-octen-3-ol will be 



addressed later in this chapter in the section covering emanations from animals 



including man. 



Trapping of mosquitoes . Mosquitoes generally fly less than 2.5 m above the 

 ground with the 1.2 to 1.8 m range having the greatest number of mosquitoes 

 collected [14]. Some studies show that 0.6 m is the average height for appetitive 

 flight [2]. Additional concerns in trapping focus on shapes of the target as well as 

 construction material. For example, attraction was found to be more prevalent for 

 rectangular traps compared to pyramidal traps and most species were attracted to 

 projecting parts of these traps [14]. Color is also of concern in trapping and will be 

 addressed in the section on visual cues as attractants. 



Short- versus long-range attractants . The physiological state of the mosquito 

 and the proportions of sensilla play a role in determining which stimuli will be 

 employed by a species for long-range and short-range cues. Vision is generally 

 employed for long-range attraction with respect to orientation for upwind flight, 

 location of nectar, and location of oviposition sites [5]. Carbon dioxide also tends 



