GL0SS0L0G-5( OF THE MAMMALIA. 



103 



bones on each side, connected in pairs with the thorax and pelvis. In 

 "eneral, they are four in number, as in the greater part of the Mammalia, 

 thence called Quadrupeds. Some Mammalia have only two limbs, as 

 the Cetacea, and then the place of the hinder limbs is occupied by a 

 simple bone enveloped in the flesh. 



(28.) The Anterior or Pectoral Limbs, Lat. Artus pectorales seu 

 antici, Fr. Les Membres anterieurs, Germ. Brustgliedmassen, Vorder^- 



"liedmassen, are the extremities attached to the thorax, each consisting 



of a shoulder-blade, arm, fore -arm, and a hand, or more commonly a. fool. 

 These have no distinct articulations with the trunk, but are wholly iso- 

 lated, except when the collar-bones happen to be present. 



(29.) The Hinder or Posterior Limbs, Lat. Artus abdominales seu 

 postici, Fr. Les Membres posterieurs, Germ. Bauchgliedmassen, Hinter- 

 uliedmassen. are the extremities articulated to the pelvis, each consist- 

 in" of a thigh, a leg, and most commonly a. foot, or sometimes a hand. 



(30.) The Shoulder, Lat. Humerus, Fr. L'Epaule, Germ. Schulter- 



nliccl. is the first articulation or joint of the anterior hmbs, coniprehend- 



ins the shoulder-blade and collar-bone. 



(31.) The Scapula or Shoulder-blade, Lat. Scapula, Fr. L'Omo- 

 ])late. Germ. Schulter-blatt, — is the broad and flat bone of the shoulder, 

 placed on the chest towards the spinal column. 



(32.) The Clavicle or Collar-bone, Lat. Clavicula, Fr. La Clavi- 

 culc. Germ. Schliisselbein, — is the other bone of the shoulder, situate 

 between the shoulder-blade and the breast-bone. It is said to be perfect 

 in all animals which can raise their fore-limbs to the mouth. In most 

 of the Carnassiers and Rodentia it is imperfect ; while it is wholly warit- 

 tng in all animals specially intended for walking and running. 



(33.) The Humerus or Shoulder-bone, Lnt. Brachium seu Os Hu- 

 meri, Fr. L'Humerus, Germ. Ober-Arm, — is the second articulation or 

 joint of the fore-limb inserted upon the shoulder-blade, and bearing the 

 fore-arm at its other end. 



(34.) The Fore-arm, Lat. Anti-Brachium, Fr. L'Avant-Bras, Germ. 

 Unter-Arm, — is the third joint of the fore-limb, supported by the shoulder- 

 bone, and articulated to the wrist at the other end. Sometimes it is 

 .■simple, or almost consisting of only one bone, as in the Butninantia and 

 Solipeda ; and sometimes it is double. In the latter case, it consists of 

 tne jdna and radius, which may be free, and capable of moving one over 

 ihe other, as in Man and the Apes; ox fi.ved, as in the greater part of the 

 Carnassiers and Rodenda. 



(35.) The Ulna, Lat. Ulna, Fr. Le Cubitus, Germ. EUenbogenbein, 



is the primary bone of the fore-arm, articulated by a hinge-joint to the 



shoulder-bone, and having a process or projection at its hinder and upper 

 oxtremitv, forming The Bone of the Elbow, Lat. Olecranon, Fr. 

 L'Olecrane, Ga-m. Ellenbogenhokker. 



(36.) The Radius, Lat. Radius, Fr. Le Radius, Germ. Speiche, 



Spindel, the remaining bone of the fore-arm, is sometimes reduced to 



the rudimental state, and forms merely an apophysis of the ulna, as in 

 the Solipeda and Ruminantia. 



(37.) The Hand [in Man], The Fore Hand [in the Apes], The 

 Fore Paw, or Fore Foot [in Quadrupeds], The Fin [in the Cetacea], 

 Lat. Manus seu Pes anticus, Fr. La Main, Germ. Hand oder Vorder- 



fuss, consists of all the remaining articulations of the fore-limb taken 



together, being the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges. 



(38.) The Carpus or Wbist-bones, Lat. Carpus, Fr. Les Os carpieas. 

 Germ. Oberhand, — is the basal joint of the hand, nearest to the Ulna, 

 and consisting of several small bones, usually disponed in two rows. 

 They never exceed nine, nor are less than five in number. 



(39.) The Metacarpus, Lat. Metacarpus, Fr. Les Metacarpiens, 

 Germ. Mittelhand, — is the joint contained between the wrist and the finger- 

 bones. The number of metacarpal bones is variable, as they usually 

 correspond with the fingers, though sometimes they merely represent a 

 rudimentary finger. There are five of these bones in the hands of Man, 

 the Apes, and the greater part of the Carnassiers, and four in the Hippo- 

 potamus and Hogs. There are three in the Horse, a principal one called 

 the Cannon or Shank-bone (fr. Le canon), and two rudimentary called 

 the Splent-bones {Fr. Les perones). The Ruminantia have two me- 

 tacarpal bones united into a single Cannon bone. 



The total length of the Carpus and Metacarpus varies in an inverse 

 sense to that of the humerus. Thus, animals v/ith a very short humerus 

 have very long cannon bones. 



(40.) The Fingers or Toes, Lat. Digiti, Fr. Les Doigts ou Orteils, 

 Germ. Finger, Zehen, — usually articulated, form the apex of the hand or 

 fore-foot. 



(41.) The Phalanges, Lat. Phalanges, Fr. Les phalanges. Germ. 

 Fingerglieder, — are the articulations of each finger. Among the quadru- 

 peds, every finger, excepting the thumb, has three phalanges, of which 

 the last supports the nail or hoof The thumb has only two phalanges, 

 and is often wanting. In the Cetacea, the fingers are formed of a con. 

 siderable number of flattened phalanges, united together by cartilages, 

 so as to form a kind of fin. 



(42.) The Last Phalanx, Lat. Rhizonychium, Fr. Le dernier pha- 

 lange. Germ. Klauenglied, Nagelglied, — bears the nail or hoof, and vaiies 

 in its form and dimensions, according to the figure and disposition of its 

 horny covering. 



(43.) The Femur or Thigh-bone, Lat. Femur, Fr. Le femur. Germ. 

 Schenkel (Hiifte), — is united to the pelvis, and forms the first articulation 

 of the hinder limb. It corresponds to the Humerus of an anterior ex- 

 tremity. 



(44.) The Shin-bone or Tibia, Lat. Tibia, Fr. Le tibia. Germ. Schiene 

 (Schenkel), — is the second articulation of a hinder hmb. It is supported 

 by the femur, and articulated- to a foot or hand at its other extremity. 



(45.) The Fibula, Lat. Fibula, Fr, Le perone, Germ. Wadenbein, 

 — is a long bone, sometimes added to the Tibia, though often wanting. 



The Ti!)ia and Fibula correspond to the Ulna and Radius of the Fore- 

 arm, and present the same variations. Sometimes these bones are very 

 distinct, and moveable one over the other, as in the Apes and Makis- 

 Sometimes they are distinct, though but slightly moveable. Most com- 

 monly the Fibula is the mere rudiment of a bone. In most Mammalia, 

 the Tibia and Fibula together form the Leg. In the Horse and other 

 <ligitigrade Quadrupeds, this is improperly styled The Thigh. 



(46.) The Foot [in Man], The Hinder-hand [in the Apes], The 

 Hinder-paw or Hinder-foot [in Quadrupeds], The Hand [in the Opos- 

 sums], Lat. Pes, Fr. Le pied. Germ. Fuss, Hinter-fuss, — includes all the 

 remaining articulations of a hinder-limb, being the Tarsus, Metatarsus, 

 and Phalanges. 



(47.) The Tarsus or Instep, Lat. Tarsus, Fr. Le tarse. Germ, 

 Oberfuss, Fusswurzel, — the basal joint of the foot, nearest to the Tibia, 

 consists of several bones, never e.\ceeding seven in number. In the 

 Horse, this is called the Hock. 



(48.) The Metatarsus, Lat. Metatarsus, Fr. Le metatarse. Germ. 

 Mittelfuss,-^is the second joint of the foot, between the Tarsus and 

 Phalanges. It never consists of more than five bones corresponding to 

 the toes, or of less than two, which, however, may sometimes become 

 united together, so as to form one bone. It consists, in the Horse, of 

 a Cannon or Shank-bone, and Splent-bones, as in the Metacarpus. 



(49.) The Toes and Phalanges may be compared to the correspond- 

 ing parts of the anterior limb. See (40.) (4).) and (42.) 



(50.) The Elbow, Lat. Cubitus, Fr. Le coude, Gervi. EUenbogen, — 

 is at the junction of the Humerus and Fore-arm. 



(51.) The M'^rist, Lat. Flexura, Fr. Le poignet. Germ. Handbeuge, 

 — is at the junction of the fore-arm and carpus. In the Horse, and 

 other digitigrade quadrupeds, this is very improperly called the Knee. 



(52.) The Knee, Lat. Genu, Fr. Le genou. Germ. Knie, — is at thf^ 

 union of the Femur and Tibia. In the Horse, it receives the name of 

 the Stifle joint. 



(53.) The Patella or Knee-pan, Lat. Patella seu rotula, Fr. Lu 

 rotule, Germ. Kniescheibe, — is a small isolated bone in front of the 

 knee. 



(54.) The Ham, Lat. Poplites, Fr. Le jarret. Germ. Kniekehle,— is 

 the hollow part at the back of the knee, in Man and the Apes. This 

 part is concealed in the Horse, and all digitigrade quadrupeds. 



(55.) The Ankle-joint, Lat. Suflfrago, Fr. L'articulation de la che- 

 ville. Germ. Fussbeuge, Hakkengelenk, — is at the union of the Tibia and 

 Tarsus. This is the Hock-joint or Hinder-knee of the Horse. 



(56.) The Heel, Lat. Calcaneus, Talus, seu Calx, Fr. Le Talon, 

 Germ. Hakken, Ferse, — is the liindermost point of the Tarsus. In the 

 Horse, this is called the Point of the Hock. 



(57.) The Ankle, Lai. Malleolus, Fr. La cheville. Germ. Knochel, — 

 is the inner process or projection at the end of the Tibia. 



(58.) The Pastern or Fetlock-joint, Fr. L'articulation du fanon, 

 ou le boulet. Germ. Hiifhaaregelenk, in digitigrade quadrupeds, — is tlie 

 joint at the extremity of the metatarsus in the hinder-leg, or of the me- 

 tacarpus in the fore-leg. 



(59.) The Upper Pastern, Lat. Os Suffraginis, Fr. Le paturon. 

 Germ. Fessel, — in digitigrade quadrupeds, is the second bone from the 

 hoof, adjoining the fetlock, corresponding to the first phalanx in Man. 



(60.) The Lower Pastern or Coronet-bone, Lat. Os coronoe, Fr, 

 La couronne. Germ. Krone, — in digitigrade quadrupeds, is the bone next 

 to the hoof, corresponding to the second phalanx in Man. 



(61.) The Coffix-cone, Lat. Os pedis, Fr. L'Os du sabot, Germ, 



Hiifbein, is the bone of the hoof, analogous to the last phalanx of the- 



finger in Man. 



II THE HEAD IN GENERAL. 



(62.) The Vertex, or Top of the Head, Lat. Vertex, Fr. Le vertex. 

 Germ. Scheitel, — is the highest portion of the skull, in a fine draw n be- 

 tween the ears, perpendicularly upwards. 



(63 ) The Sinciput, or Fore-part of the Head, Lat. Sinciput, Fr, 

 Le sinciput. Germ. Vorderkopf, — is that portion of the head reaching 

 from tlie vertex to the eyes.. 



