GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. 



105 



Regenbogenhaut, — is the coloured circle of the eye, seen through the Cor- 

 nea It varies in colour, from light-blue to yellow, or deep orange, and 

 Is most commonly of a deep yellow or brown colour. 



(125.) The Pdpil, Lat. Pupilla, Fr. La pupille. Germ. Sehe, — is the 

 dark central disc of the eye, surrounded by the iris. When fully dilated 

 it is most commonly round. 



(126.) The Orbit, Lai. Orbita, Fr. L'orbite, Germ. Augenhole, — is 

 the external margin of the cavity of the skull, destined to contain and 

 protect the eye-ball. 



(127.) The Apektore of the Eye, Lai. Apertura oculi, Fr. L'ouver- 

 ture de I'oeil, Germ. Augen Offnung, — is the space occupied by the eye- 

 ball, and appearing externally when the eye-lids are drafl n back. 



(128.) The Angles of the Eyes, Lai. Canthi oculorum, Fr. Les 

 angles des yeux, Germ. Augenwinkel, — are the corners formed on each 

 side by the joining of the eyelids. 



(129.) The internal or nasal Angle, Lai. Canthus nasalis, Fr. 

 L'angle interieur ou nasal. Germ. Nasenwinkel, — is the inner corner of 

 the eye nearest to the nose. 



(130.) The external or temporal Angle, Lat. Canthus temporalis, 

 Fr. L'angle exterieur, Germ. Schlafenwinkel, — is the outer corner of the 

 eye nearest to the ear. 



(131.) The nictitating Membrane, I/at. Membrana nictitans, Fr. La 

 troisieme paupiere. Germ. Blinzhaut, — is a cutaneous covering of the 

 eye placed at the nasal angle, and capable of covering it like a curtain. 



(132. ~) The Lachrymal Fossa, Lat, Fossa lacrymalis, Fr. La fosse 

 lachrjtnale. Germ. Thranengrube, — is the dilated upper extremity of a 

 duct, in the nasal angle of the eye, for convejn'ng the tears from the eye 

 to the nose. 



(133.) The Sub-orbital Sxnds, Lat. Sinus suborbitalis, Fr. Le Lar- 

 mier, — is a naked furrow beneath the eye, secreting a peculiar humour, as 

 in the Antelopes. 



The Eyes are said to be 



(134.) Rudimentary, Fr. Rudimentaires, — when they are not visible 

 externally, and some minute traces alone can be discovered beneath the 

 skin, as in the Blind-rat {Spalax typhlus) ; 



(135.) Apparent, Fr. Apparens, — when they are visible externally, 

 as most commonly happens in the other Mammalia. 



In respect to their size, the Ey'Es may be 



(136.) Vert large, Fr. Tres-grands, — in many nocturnal animals, and 

 several aquatic species, as the Galagos, Hares, Flying-Squirrels, Seals, 

 and Otters ; 



(137.) Medium size, Fr. mediocres ou moyens, — as in most terrestrial 

 quadrupeds ; or 



(138.) Small or very small, Fr. Petits ou tres-petits, — as in subter- 

 raneous species, such as the Moles, and Cape-Moles (Bathycrgus), or in 

 some nocturnal species, as the Bats. 



The Eyes may vary in their relative position, and are said to be 



(139.) Anterior, Fr. Anterieurs, — when they are directed in front, 

 and more or less approaching to each other, so that their visual axe^lhre 

 nearly parallel, as in Man and the Apes ; or 



(140.) Lateral, Fr. Lateraux, — when they are widely separate, and 

 placed on the sides of the head, as in the Hares and other Rodentia, and 

 generally in most herbivorous animals, where the eyes have nearly the 

 same visual axis. 



The Cornea may have different degrees of projection. It is 



(141.) Very convex, Fr. Tres bombe, — in the nocturnal species, as the 

 Galagos, also in the Tapir and Hare ; 



(142.) Ordinary, Fr. Ordinaire, — as in most diurnal Mammalia; and 



(143.) Flat, Fr. Plat, — as in species which are habitually immersed 

 in water, such as the Seals and Cetacea. 



(144.) The Carpet of the Eye, Lat. Tapetura lucidum, Fr. Le 

 tapis, — is a portion of the choroid coat, situate at the bottom of the eye, 

 opposite to the point where the optic nerve enters. It is variously co- 

 loured in different Mammalia. See page 35. 



V._THE ORGAN OF SMELLING. 



(145.) The Nose, Lat. Nasus, Fr. Le nez. Germ. Nase, is the or- 

 gan of smelling. See pages 8'and 36. 



(146.) The Nostrils, Lat. Nares, Fr. Les narines. Germ. Nasen- 

 locher, — are the two external orifices of the nose for admitting the air. 

 These are said to be 



(147.) Close, Fr. Peu ouvertes, — when they consist of simple clefts 

 but slightly open, as in the Apes, some Carnassiers, and Rodentia ; 



(148.) Cavernous, Fr. Caverneuses, — when they open into large ca- 

 vities, as in the Horse, the Ass, and Hippopotamus ; 



(149.) Spiral, Fr. En spirale, — when they are convoluted, as in the 

 Makis; 



(150.) Operculated, Fr. Operculees — when they are closed by a lid, 

 as in some Bats, especially ot the genus Nycteris; 



27 



(151.) Obserate, Lat. Obseratae, — when the nostrils can be closed 

 by muscles at the will of the animal, as in the Seals. 



(152.) The Spiracles, Lat. Spiracula, Fr. Les events, Germ. Luft- 

 locher, in Dutch Lugtstippen, — are nostrils united together, and placed 

 at the top of the head, as in the Whales, through which these animals 

 discharge the enormous quantity of water swallowed while pursuing their 

 prey. 



(153.) The Partition of the Nostrils, Lai. Dissepimentum sen 



septum narium, Fr. La division des narines, Germ. Nasenscheidewand, ' 



is found in most Mammalia. 



(154.) The External Nose, Lat. Nasus externus, Fr. Le nez ex- 

 terieur. Germ. Aussere Nase, — is the external part of the face containing 

 the nostrils. 



(155.) The Bulb of the Nostril, Lat. Pterygium, Rima, Fr. Labulbe 

 du nez. Germ. Nasenfliigel, — is the expanded part on each side of the 

 external wall of the nose. 



(156.) The Snout, Lai. Rhinarium, Fr. Le museau, Germ. Nasen- 

 kuppe, — is the extreme part of the nose, distinguished by a smooth granu- 

 lar and moistened surface, on the sides of which the nostrils are com- 

 monly placed. 



(157.) The Chiloma, Lai. Cliiloma, Fr. Le mufle. Germ. Maul, 



forms the projecting muzzle of some Ruminants. It is wanting in the 

 Sheep, Goats, Camels, some Stags, the Musk-Ox, and a few others ; 

 in most of the remainder it swells outwards, and comprises the upper lip 

 and the part of the nose immediately adjoining. 



The Nose, which is usually placed in the middle of the face, may be 



(158.) Prominent, Lai. Prominulus, Fr. Preeminent, Germ, vorra- 

 gende, — when it projects beyond the upper lip, as in Man, and the Pro- 

 boscis Monkey {Nasalis larvatus), in which cases the nostrils are inferior ; 



(159.) Flattened, Lat. Impressus, Fr. Camus, Germ. Gepletschte, 



when it is depressed within the upper lip, and begins to resemble a muzzle, 

 as in most of the Apes ; 



(160.) Spreading, Lat. Repandus, Fr. Repandu, Germ. Verbreitete, 



when its extremity is broader than the rest of the nose ; 



(161.) Pointed, Fr. Pointu, — when the head is narrowed in front, so 

 as to make the nose entirely terminal, as in the Makis, Moles, and Ant- 

 eaters ; 



(162.) Short, Lai. Abbreviatus, Fr. Court, Germ. Kurze, when the 



head is not prolonged, so that the nose scarcely projects, as in the Cats, 

 and most Rodentia ; 



(163.) Tubular, Lat. Tubulosus, Germ. Rohrige, — when the nose 

 terminates in a tube inclosed on every side, and having no perceptible 

 bulb; 



(164.) Hooked, Lat. Resimus, Fr. Crochu, Germ. Ramsnase, Umge- 

 bogne Nase, — when it is curved downwards, so that the ridge of the nose 

 forms an arch ; 



(165.) TuRNED-up, Lai. Simus, Germ. Stiilpnase, Aufgebogne Nase, 

 — when it is curved upwards, so that the upper ridge appears hollow ; 



(166.) Simple, Lat. Simplex, Fr. Simple, Germ. Einfache, when the 



nose is destitute of any remarkable appendage or sinuosity, as in most 

 Mammaha ; and 



(167.) Complicated, Lat. Complex, Fr. Complique, — when it is orna- 

 mented with naked membranes, more or less developed. 



(168.) The nasal Appendage, Lai. Piosthema, Fr. La feuille mem- 

 braneuse, Germ. Nasen-Ansatz, — this term is applied to the leaf-like 

 membrane superadded to the nose, found in many Genera of Bats. The 

 nasal appendage is said to be 



(169.) Foliated, Lai. Foliatum, Fr. Folhculee, Germ. Gebliitterte, 



when it is shaped like a simple leaf; 



(170.) Cordate, Lat. Cordatum, i<>. En forme de coeur, Germ. Ge- 

 herzte, — when in the form of a heait; 



(171.) Funnel-shaped, Lai. Infundibuliforme, Fr. Infundibulifere, 

 Germ. Trichterlormige — when it resembles the funnel of a chimney ; 



(172.) Hastate, Lat. Hastatum, Fr.En forme de fer-de-lance. Germ. 

 Spiessfbrmige, — when it assumes the form of a lance; 



(173.) Ltrate, Fr. En forme de lyre, — when it is shaped like a 

 lyre ; 



(174.) Cristate, Lai. Cristatum, Germ. Kammrandige, when the 



margins of the nostrils are surrounded with small folds or crests ; and 



(175.) Stellated, Fr. En forme detoile, — when the nostrils are sur- 

 mounted with a membrane in the form of a star, 



The Nose is said to be 



(176.) Proboscideal, Lat. Proboscideus, Fr. En forme de trompe 

 Gervi. Russeirdrmige,_when it extends slightly beyond the point of the 

 jaw and is moveable, as in the Coatis {Nasua). 



(177.) The Proboscis, Lai. Proboscis, Fr. La trompe. Germ. Russel 

 —IS a very long and moveable muzzle, as in the Elephants and Tapirs ' 



(178.) The Chanfrin, Fr. Le chanfrein,_is the upper part of the 

 nose, comprised between the forehead and the nostrils. It is observed 

 to be arched upwards in the Sheep; curved in an opposite direction in 



