1, 



GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALL4. 



the Goats ; armed with cne or two horns in the Rhinoceros, and fur- 

 rowed longitudinally, as in the Bats of the Genus Nycteris. 



VI THE MOUTH AND ORGANS OF TASTE. 



(179.) The Cavity of the Mouth, Lat. Cavum oris, Fr. La cavite 

 de la bouche, Germ. Mundhohle, — is the hollow place formed by the 

 jaws and cheeks, commonly divided into three portions ; the superior, be- 

 tween the tongue and the palate ; the inferior, between the tongue and 

 the lower jaw ; and the anterior, between the tongue and the teeth or 

 lips. 



(180.) The Lips, Lai. Labia, Fr. Les levres. Germ. Lippen, — are the 

 extremities of the skin, upon the external margins of the jaws, distin- 

 guished into the vpper and lower lip. 



(181.) The Corners of the Mouth, Lat. Anguli oris, Fr. Les angles 

 de la bouche, Germ. Mundwinkel, — are the angles, formed at the points 

 of union of the hps. 



(182.) The opening of the Jaws, Lat. Rictus, Fr. La gueule. Germ. 

 MundoiFnung, — is the distance of one jaw from the other when the mouth 

 is distended. 



(183.) The Cheek-pouches, Lat. Sacculi buccales, Buccas saccatce, 

 seu Thesauri, Fr. Les abajoues. Germ. Bakkentaschen, — are cutaneous 

 sacs in each cheek within the cavity of the mouth, and fitted for holding 

 food. 



(184.) The Gums, Lat. Tomia, Fr. Les Gencives, Germ. Ladenran- 

 der, — are the margins of the jaws within the mouth, adapted for masti- 

 cation, and on which the teeth are most commonly placed. 



(185.) The Alveolar Cavities, Lat. Alveoli, Fr. Les fosses alveo- 

 laires. Germ. Zahnhohle, — are the depressions of the jaws, into which 

 the teeth are inserted. 



(186 ) The Tongue, Lat. Lingua, Fr. La langue, Germ. Zunge, — the 

 principal organ of taste, suppHed with nervous papillae (see p. 36), is most 

 commonly fleshy and flexible. It may be 



(187.) Medium-sized, Oval, and Flat, Fr. Mediocre, ovale, et a- 

 platie, as in Man, the Apes, and many other Mammalia ; 



(188.) Long, and very thin, Fr. Longue et tres mince, — as in most 

 Carnassiers, especially the Dogs and Cats ; 



(189.) Long and thick, Fr. Longue et epaisse, — as in the Horse and 

 Ruminantia, in which animals it serves to pluck the herbage ; 



(190.) Very long and vermiform, Fr. Tres-longue et vermifotme, 



as in the Ant-eaters, Armadilloes, and Orycteropus; 



In respect to its movements, the Tongue may be 



(191.) Extensible, Fr. Extensible, — in a greater or less degree, as in 

 Man, the Apes, the Carnassiers, Rodentia, Pachydermata, and Rumin- 

 antia; 



(192.) Very extensible, or Protractile, Fr. Tres extensible, ou pro- 

 tractile, — as in the Ant-eaters, Orycteropus, Armadilloes, and the Bats 

 of the Genus Glossophaga; 



(193.) Fixed, Fr. fixee, — by the entire of its lower surface, as in the 

 Cetacea. 



The surface of the Tongue may be 



(194.) Smooth, Fr. Douce, — when the papilla, with which it is co- 

 vered, are fine and soft, as in Man, the Apes, Dogs, Ant-eaters, Cetacea, 

 and many others ; 



(195.) Rough, Fr. Rude, — when the papillae are horny, and have their 

 points directed backwards, as in the Cats, Civets, Opossums, and the 

 Bats of the Genera Phyllostoma and Pteropus ; 



(196.) Scaly, Fr. Ecailleuse, — when its sides are protected with large 

 scales, having two or three points terminating in an angle, as in the Por- 

 cupines ; 



(197.) Funnel-shaped, — when its point terminates in a disc, shaped 

 like a cupping-glass, as in the Bats of the Genus Glossophaga ; and 



(198.) Furrowed, Fr. Sillonnee, — when its upper surface is marked 

 with a longitudinal furrow. 



VIL— THE TEETH, 



IN RESPECT TO THEIR TEXTURE, PARTS, AND FORM. 



(199.) The Ivory, Lat. Substantia ossea, Fr. L'ivoire, Germ. Kno^ 

 chenmasse, — is the central or bony part of the teeth, usually constituting 

 the principal part of its substance. 



(200.) The Proper Ivory, Lat. Ebur, Fr. L'ivoire proprement dit. 

 Germ. Elfenbein, — is the same bony substance, when composed of coni- 

 cal layers, as in the Tusks of the Elephant. 



(201.) The Enamel, Lat. Substantia vitrea, Fr. L'email, Germ. 

 Schmelz, — is the white, hard, and dense substance covering the teeth 

 externally, or intersecting them internally. 



(202.) The Cortex, Lat. Indumentum corticale, seu Cementum, Fr. 

 Le Cortical, Germ. Zahnkiitt, — is a substance of less density, covering 

 the enamel, or connecting its interstices in compound teeth. 



(203.) The Whale-bone, Lat. Elasmia, Fr. Les fanons ou barbes. 

 Germ. Barten, — horny laminse in place of teeth, hanging transversely 

 from the sides of the palate. 



(204.) The Root of a Tooth, Lat. R-adix, Fr. La racine. Germ. 

 Zahnvfurzel, — is the lower part of a tooth placed within the alveolar 

 cavity and the gum, and most commonly destitute of enamel. 



In respect to its Root, a Tooth may be 



(205.) Mono-rhizal, Di-rhizal, Thi-rhizal, or PoLY-RHiZAL,_ac- 

 cording as it has one, two, three, or many roots ; 



(206.) CcELORHizAL, — when its root is hoUow ; or 



(207.) Stereorhizal, — when its root is solid. 



(208.) The Crown of a Tooth, Lat. Corona dentis, Fr. La couronne. 

 Germ. Zahnkrone, — is the part of the tooth beyond the alveolar cavity 

 and gum, serving for mastication. 



• (209.) The Neck of a Tooth, Lat. CoUum dentis, Fr. Le Collet, 

 Germ. Zahnkranz, — is the interval more or less distinct, separating the 

 crown from the root of a tooth. 



(210.) A Simple Tooth, Lat- Dens obductus, Fr. Dent simple, Germ. 

 Uberlegter Zahn, Einfacher Zahn, — has its ivory entirely covered with 

 enamel, but only on the exterior. It consists of a Root, a Neck, and a 

 Crown, and being always of a determinate form, ceases to grow after 

 having left the bulb whence it originated. 



(211.) A Compound Tooth, Lat. Dens lamellosus, Fr. Dent com- 

 jiosee. Germ. Blattriger Zahn, — has its ivory intersected with folds of 

 enamel in every direction, so that it appears to be formed of perpendi- 

 cular laminae. 



(212.) A Complicated Tooth, Lat. Dens complicatus, Fr. Dent 

 demi-composee. Germ. Schmelzfaltiger Zahn, — along with a simple root, 

 has its crown more or less intersected with folds of enamel, but not so 

 far as to separate the tooth into laminae. 



(213.) The Ridge of a Tooth, Lat. Machajris, Fr. Le bord ttanchant, 

 (renn. Schmelzleiste, — is the sharp external line of a fold of enamel, 

 emerging from the crowns of a compound or comphcated tooth. 



(214.) A Fibrous Tooth, Lat. Dens fibrosus, Fr. Dent fibreuse. 

 Germ. Fasriger Zahn, — is composed of fibres or longitudinal tubes, re- 

 sembling the stalk of a reed. 



(215.; The Cusps or Points, Lat. Cuspis, Fr. Les points, Germ. 

 Zakke, — are the sharp points on the crown of a tooth. 



(216.) The Tubercles, Lat. Tuberculum, Fr. Les tubercules. Germ. 

 Zahnhokker, — are the small blunt planes on the crown of a tooth. 



A Tooth is said to be 



(217.) Tearing, Lat. Sectorius, Fr. Dechirante, Germ. Reiss Zahn, 

 — when it terminates in a sharp point cutting unequally ; 



(218.) Conical, Fr. Conique, — when it varies in form from the C}- 

 linder to the Oval or EUipse (see page 88) ; 



(219.) Trenchant, Lat. Incisorius, Fr. Tranchante, Germ. Schneide 

 Zahn, — when it terminates in a sharp edge cutting equally (see page 

 >«^8) ; 



(220.) Chisel-shaped, Lat. Cestriformis, Fr. En ciseau-a-tailler. Germ. 

 T/Ieisselformiger Zahn, — when a long and narrow trenchant tooth ter- 

 minates in a thin edge, hollowed or scooped out on one side; 



(221.) Wedge-shaped, Lat. Acutatus, Fr. En biseau. Germ. Zuge- 

 scharfter, — when a trenchant tooth is cut obliquely off at its extremity, 

 as in the upper Incisors of most Rodentia, and the lower Incisors of 

 some. 



(222.) The Apex, Lat. Scalprum, Fr. Le coin, Germ. Schneide, is 



the point of the crown in a tearing, trenchant, chisel-shaped, or wed^e- 

 sbaped tooth. 



A Tooth is said to be 



(223.) Unicuspid.ate, Bicuspidate, Tricuspidate, or Multicuspi- 

 date, — according as its crown ends in one, two, three, or many cusps ; 



(224.) Tuberculous, Lat. Tuberculatus, Fr. Tuberculeuse, Germ. 

 Kokkriger,— when it is furnished with Tubercles or small blunt planes 

 on its crown (see page 88) ; 



(225.) Cuspidate, Lat. Cuspidatus, Germ. Zakkiger, — when its crown 

 is supplied with many cusps ; 



(226.) Ridged, Lat. Rugosus, Fr. a coHines transverses. Germ. Runz- 

 li^er, — when its crown is armed with several elevated ridges ; 



(227.) Plane, Lat. Laevis, inermis, Fr. Plane, Germ. Glatter, when 



its crown is smooth, and without cusps, tubercles, or ridges ; 



(■228.) Growing Indefinitely, Lat. Auctus, Fr. Poussant, Germ. 

 Erweiterter, — when the crown continues to be pushed outwards on the 

 sides, before, or behind, from its interior part, during the entire life of the 

 animal, as in the Incisors of the Rodentia. 



Teeth are said to be 



(229.) Homogeneous, Lat. Homogenei, Germ. Gleichartige Zahne, — 

 vvhcn they all resemble each other in form and texture ; and 



(230.) Heterogeneous, Lat. Heterogenei, Germ. Ungleichartige Zahne, 

 — when they differ in form and texture. 



