GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALL\. 



VIII THE TEETH, 



IN RESPECT TO THEIR INSERTION AND POSITION. 



A Tooth is said to be 



(231.) Separable, Lat. Injunctus, Fr. Separable, Germ. Eingekeilter 

 Zahn, — when it has a distinct root inserted into an alveolar cavity of the 

 jaw, and capable of being separated from it, as in the teeth of most Mam- 

 maha ; 



(232.) Inseparable or Innate, Lat. Innatus, Fr. Inseparable, Germ. 

 Eingewachsner Zahn,— when the tooth is inserted in its alveolar cavity, 

 in such a way that it appears to be a continuous process or excrescence 

 of the jaw-bone, so that it cannot be separated from it without fracture, 

 as in the Molars of the Orycteropus or Cape Ant-eater ; 



(233.) Imposed, Lat. Impositus, Fr. Imposee, Germ. Eingefleischter 

 Zahn, — when the tooth is merely attached to the gum, and has no alveo- 

 lar cavity of its own ; 



(234.) Adherent, Lat. Agglutinatus, Fr. Attachee, Germ. Angehef- 

 teter Zahn, — when a tooth is attached to the jaw or palate, without 

 any distinct root, and solely by an intermediate membrane, as in the 

 Ornithorhy nchus . 



(235.) Maxillary Teeth, Lat. Dentes maxillares, Fr. Les dents 

 maxillaires, Germ. Ladenzahne, — are insetted on the jaws. 



(236.) Palatine Teeth, Lat. Dentes palatini, Fr. Les dents pala- 

 tines. Germ. Gaumenzahne, — are inserted on the palate. 



(237.) The Incisors or Fore-teeth, Lai. Dentes primores, Fr. Les 

 Incisives, Germ. Vorderzahne, — are maxillary teeth in the front of the 

 mouth. These are distinguished into the Upper Incisors, placed, except 

 in Man, upon the intermayillary bone, and the Lower Incisors opposite 

 to the former. (See page 86.) 



(238.) The Molar Teeth or Molars, Lat. Dentes molares, Fr. Les 

 dents molaires. Germ. Bakkenziihne, — are maxillary teeth placed far 

 within the mouth, upon the hinder margins of the jaws. (See page 86.) 



(239.) The Canine Teeth or Canines, Lai. Dentes laniarii, angu- 

 lares, seu canini, Fr. Les dents canines. Germ. Ekkzahne, — are simple 

 maxillary teeth, placed at the sides of the fiont teeth and near the corners 

 of the mouth, whence they are sometimes called corner teeth. They are 

 always pointed, and of a conical form. When the jaws are closed, the 

 canine teeth of the upper jaw alv/ays fall behind those of the lower. 

 (See page 86.) 



The Molar Teeth are said to be 



(240.) Continuous, Lat. Molares continui, Fr. Les Molaires com- 

 pletes. Germ. Anschliessende Bakkenziihne, — when they immediately 

 adjoin the Canines, or, when these are wanting, the Incisors ; 



(241.) Abrupt, Lat. Molares abrupt!, Fr. Les Molaires incompletes, 

 Germ. Abgesetzte Bakkenziihne, — when they are separated from the 

 Canines or Incisors by a broad space, although continuous to each other. 



(242.) The Interval, Lat. Diastema, Fr. L'espace vide. Germ. 

 Zahnliikke, — is the large vacant space between the Incisors or the Ca- 

 nines, and the Molars, as in the Horse and Bull. 



The Teeth, in respect to each other, are further said to be 



(243.) Approximated, Lat. Approximati, Germ. Gedrangtstehende, 



when they stand close together ; 



(244.) Divided, Lat. Discreti, Germ. Vereiuzelte, — when there are 

 interstices between them ; and a Tooth is 



(245.) Remote, ia<. Dimotus, Genn. Weggeriikkter, when separated 



by a broad interstice from the otliers of its own kind. 



The Teeth of the one jaw, in respect to those of the other jaw, are 

 said to be 



(246.) Opposite, Lat. Oppositi, Germ. Entgegengesetzte, — when the 

 crowns of the upper teeth are opposite those of the lower ; 



(247.) Congruent, Lat. Congrui, Germ. Dekkende, when each 



crown of every individual tooth in the upper or under jaw is opposite to 

 the corresponding crowns of the opposite teeth ; 



(248.) Obverse, Lat. Obversi, Germ. Abgeschragte, — when the ob- 

 lique crowns of the one jaw are fitted into the corresponding oblique 

 crowns of the other ; 



(249.) Alternate, Lat Alternantes, Germ. Wechselstandige, when 



the crown of a tooth in either jaw occupies the space between two teeth 

 of the opposite jaw; 



(250.) Inclined, Lat. Acclinati, Germ. Ubergreifende, — when the 

 sides of the teeth in the one jaw cover the sides of the teeth in the op- 

 posite jaw, and this they may do either externally or internally. 



The Teeth, in respect to the Jaws and Lips, may be 



(251.) Erect, Lat. Erecti, Germ. Aufrechte, — when they are placed 

 vertically in the gum ; 



(252.) Procumbent, Lat. Procumbentes, Fr. Proclives, Germ. Lie- 

 gende, — when they lie more or less horizontally upon the gum, as in the 

 lower Incisors of the Makis and Kangaroos ; 



(253.) Oblique, Lai. Obliqui, Germ. Schrage, — when they aie joined 

 to the gum, so as to form an obtuse angle with it; 



(254.) Transverse, Lat. Transversi, Germ. Queerzahne, — wnen they 

 are so placed in the gums as to stand inwards beyond the remaining teeth 

 of the same series ; 



(255.) Inclosed, Lat. Inclusi, Germ. Bedekkte, — when they are com- 

 pletely covered by the jaws and lips on the mouth being shut ; 



(256.) Projecting, Lat. Exserti, Germ. Freie, vorragende Zahne, 



when they appear externally although the mouth be closed. 



IX THE TEETH, 



IN RESPECT TO THEIR POSITION AND FOR.M JOINTLY. 



The Teeth are said to be 



(257.) Anomalous, Fr. Anomales, — when the forms of the three kinds 

 of Teeth, Incisors, Canines, and Molars, are not very distinctly pro- 

 nounced, as in Man and the Orangs ; 



(258.) Normal, Fr. Normales, — when the differences among the In- 

 cisors, Canines, and Molars, are strongly marked, as in the Carnassiers 

 and Hogs. 



The Molar Teeth have received the names of 



(259.) Grinders, Lat. Dentes tritores, Fr. Les Machelieres, Germ. 

 Mahlzahne,. — when they have broad crowns, which may be tuberculous, 

 cuspidate, ridged, or plane ; 



(260.) Carnassiers, Lat. Laniarii ambigui, Fr. Les Carnassieres, 

 Germ. Zweideutige Ekkzahne, — when they are strong and lobed, com- 

 pressed and cutting on their margins, so that, excepting from their posi- 

 tion, it would remain doubtful whether they should be set down as Mo- 

 lars, Canines, or Incisors; 



(261.) False Molars, Lat. Molares incurrentes, Fr. Les Fausses 

 Molaires, Germ. Ubergehende Bakkenzahne, — when they are placed an- 

 teriorly, and are somewhat conical, like the canine teeth ; 



(262.) Tuberculous Molars, Lat. Molares tuberculati, Fr. Les Mo- 

 laires tuberculeuses. Germ. Hokkriger Bakkenzahne, — when they present 

 tubercles or blunt excrescences, and belong to an animal which also has 

 Carnassier Molars. 



The Canine Teeth assume the name of 



(263.) TcsKS, Lat. Dentes falcati, Fr. Les defenses. Germ. Fangzahne, 

 — when they project strongly from the mouth. The Tusks are curved 

 downwards, as in the Morse ; directed laterally, as in the Boar and Ethio- 

 pian Hog ; or curved upwards, as in the Indian Hog. 



The Incisive Teeth are said to be 



(264.) Cleft, Lat. Pectinati, Fr. Pectinees, — when their margins ex- 

 hibit deep scissures, as in the Flying-Cats; 



(265.) Bilobed or Trilobed, Fr. Bilobees ou Trilobees, — when they 

 have one or two furrows upon their edge, as in some Bats and yonng 

 Dogs ; 



(266.) Bifurcated, Fr. Bifurquees, — when they are in the form of a 

 fork with two prongs, as in some Sea- Lions (Otaria) ; 



(267.) Spoon-shaped. Lat. Cochleari-formes, Fr. En cuiUer, — ^when 

 they are flattened, rounded, and slightly hollowed at their internal sur- 

 face, as in the lower jaws of the Genus Condylura; 



(268.) Awl-shaped, Lat. Subulati, Fr. En alene, — when they end 

 gradually in a sharp point, as in the lower Incisors of most Rodentia ; 



(269.) Cylindrical and Truncated, Fr. Cylindriques et tronquees, 

 — as in the Wombat (^Phascotomys). 



The Incisive Teeth sometimes become Tusks, see (263), when they 

 may be 



(270.) Straight, Fr. Droites, — as in the Narwhal ; or 



(271.) Curved upwards, Fr. Arquees en en-haut, — as in the Elephant. 



(272.) A Supernumerary Tooth, Lai. Dens accessorius. Germ. Neben- 

 zahn, — is a minute homogeneous Molar, superadded either before or be- 

 hind the other Molars. 



(273.) Rudimentary Teeth, Lat. Dentes spurii, Fr. Dents rudimen- 

 taires, Germ. Unacht Zahne, — are small deciduous teeih placed before 

 the Molars. 



X THE NECK. 



(274.) The Neck, Lat. CoUum, Fr. Le cou. Germ. Hals, — is the 

 intermediate portion between the Head and Trunk, and covering the 

 Cervical Vertebrae. (See page 32.) 



(275.) The Cervix or Back or the Neck, Lut. Cervix, Fr. Le cou 

 superieur. Germ. Hinterhals, — is the upper side of the Neck (the hinder 

 in Man), extending from the Occiput to the first Dorsal Vertebra. 



(276.) The Nucha or Nape of the Neck, Lat. Nucha, Fr. La nuque. 

 Germ. Genikk, — is that part of the Cervix next to the Occiput. 



(277.) The Auchenium or Lower part op the Neck, Lai. Auche- 

 nium, Fr. Le cou posterieur. Germ. Nakken, — is the region of the Cer- 

 vix below the Nucha. 



(278.) The Throat, Lat. Guttur, Fr. La gorge, Germ. Vorderhals, — 

 is the lower region of the Neck (the fore in Man), extending from the 

 Under- chin (75) downwards to the Breast. 



