110 



GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALL4.. 



(378.) United, Lai. Coadunati, Fr. Reunis, Germ. Verwachsne, — 

 when they are connected by no membrane, and yet adhere so closely 

 toaether that they are contained in the same finger-glove (362). 



The Feet are said to be 



(379.) P.\LMATED, Lat. Palmati, Fr. Palmes, Germ. Schwimmfiisse, — 

 when the fingers or toes are connected together by a membrane reaching 

 nearly to their extremities, so as to be fitted for swimming ; 



(380.) Semi-palmated, Lat. Semipalmati, Fr. Demipalmes, Germ. 

 Halbe Schwimmfiisse,— when the membrane between the fingers extends 

 to .about one half of their length ; 



(331.) Pinnated, Lat. Lomatini, Fr. Vmue?,, Germ. Gesaumte_ Fiisse, 

 when the fingers are supplied with membranes only on their sides. 



(382.) The Web, Lat. Palama, Fr. La membrane pour la natation, 

 Germ. Schwimmhaut, — is the membrane belonging to a palmated or semi- 

 palmated foot. 



The Feet are said to be 



(383.) Cheiropterohs, Lai. Chiropteri, Volatiles, Fr. Cheiropteres, 

 Germ. Flugbeine, — when the fingers of the fore-feet are excessively 

 elongated and supplied with a light membrane, so as to adapt them for 

 flight. 



(384.) Dermopterous, Lat. Dermopteri, Fr. Dermopteres, Germ. 

 Flatterbeine, — when the fore and hinder feet are connected together by a 

 membrane, which is merely an expansion of the skin of the trunk, and 

 often extending before and behind the limbs. 



(385.) The Extensible Membrane or Wing, Lai. Patagium, Fr. 

 La membrane extensile, ou L'aile, Germ. Flughaut, — is the membraneous 

 appendage of a dermopterous or cheiropterous foot. 



It is said to be 



(386.) Digital, Lat. Digitale, Germ. Zehen-Flughaut, — when the 

 membrane extends between the elongated fingers of the fore-limb ; 



(387.) Cervical, Lat. Collare, Germ. Halsfittig, — when it extends 

 between the neck and the expanded fore-limb ; 



(388.) Lumbar, Lat. Lumbare, Germ. Seitenfittig,. — when the mem- 

 brane between the fore and hinder limb proceeds from the sides of the 

 trunk ; 



(389.) Interfemoral, Lat. Interfemorale, Anale, Gervi. Steissfittig, 

 — when the membrane e.xtends behind the thighs ; 



(390.) Hairy, Lat. Pelliceum, Fr. Pileuse, Germ. Flugfell, — when 

 the membrane is thickly covered with hair ; 



(391.) Naked, Lat. Membranaceum, Fr. Nue, Germ. Flughaut, — 

 when it is light and destitute of hair. 



The Hinder Feet are said to be 



(392.) Saltatorial or Leaping, Lat. Saltatorii, Fr. Propres a sauter. 

 Germ. Springbeine, — when they are nearly twice as long and strong as 

 the fore-feet, and fitted for leaping ; 



(393.) Ambdlatorial Feet, Lat. Pedes ambulatorii, Fr. Les pieds 

 propres a marcher. Germ. Gangbeine, — fitted for walking, are such as 

 are not palmated, cheiropterous, dermopterous, or saltatorial, but may 

 be either fissipede or united ; 



(394.) FossoRtAL Feet, Lat. Pedes fossorii, Fr. Les pieds propres a 

 fouiller la terre. Germ. Grabfiisse, — are very broad, and armed with strong 

 Fossorial Nails, Lat. Ungues fossorii. Germ. Grabklauen, — so as to be 

 fitted for digging. 



The Feet are said to be 



(395.) Plantigrade, Lat. Plantigradi, Fr. Plantigrades, Germ. Sohlen- 



schreitende Beine when they are destitute of hair as far as the heel, 



from the animal placing the entire sole of the foot upon the ground when 

 walking ; 



(396.) Digitigrade, Lat. Digitigradi, Fr. Digitigrades, Germ. Zehen- 

 schreitende Beine, — when they are covered with hair almost to the apices 

 of the toes, which alone touch the ground when the animal is walking : 



(397.) Bisulcate or Cloven, Lat. Bisulci, Fr. Pieds fourchus. Germ. 

 S[)althufige, — when the toes are only two in number, insistent (359), 

 and ungulated or hoofed ; 



(398.) Sue-bisolcate, Lat. Subbisulci, Fr. Pieds demi-fourchus. 

 Germ. Kerbhufige, — when the two toes are almost united, and their 

 apices alone are free and covered with hoofs ; 



(399.) Solidungulate, Lai- Solidunguli, Fr. Solipedes, Germ. Ein- 

 hufige, — when the foot consists of a single finger, covered by a single hoof; 



(400.) Unguiculate, — when the toes are furnished with nails ; 



(401.) Ungulate, — when they are protected by hoofs; 



(402.) Triungulate, Quadridngulate, or Multungulate, — when 

 they are protected by three, four, or more hoofs. 



(403.) The Side-Hoofs, Lat. Ungute succenturiatEe, Fr. Onglons 

 surnumeraires. Germ. Nebenhufe, — are the hoofs of elevated toes (360), 

 found in bisulcate and multungulate feet. 



XVII._THE SKIN. 

 (404.) The Skin, Lat. Cutis, Fr. La peau, Germ. Haut is the 



general integument of the entire body, composed of several layers. See 

 page 89. 



It is said to be 



(405.) Loose, Lat. Laxa, Fr. Lache, Germ. Schlotternde, — when it 

 hangs down and forms folds. 



(406.) The Dew-Lap, Lat. Palearia, Fr. Le fanon. Germ. Wamme, 

 — is a loose skin hanging from the neck and fore-part of the breast, as in 

 the Bull. 



(407.) The Hump, Lai. Tophus, Gibber, Fr. La bosse. Germ.. Hok- 

 ker, — is a broad and sweUing projection, formed of fat under the skin, as 

 in the Indian Bull. 



(408.) The Callosity, Lat. Callus, Fr. Le callosite. Germ. Schwiele. 

 — is a naked skin protected by a hard and horny epidermis, upon which 

 some animals rest upon the ground, as the Camels and Dromedaries. It 

 is also found on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the 

 thighs of some Apes. 



(409.) A Wart, Lai. Verruca, Fr. Une Verrue, Germ. Warze, — is a 

 small, hard, and round tumour. 



(410.) The Scales, Lat. Squamae, Fr. Ecailles, Germ. Schuppen, — 

 are flat, horny, or bony parts, inserted on the skin, and frequently imbri- 

 cated, or arranged one over the other, like the tiles of a house. 



(411.) The Shield, Shell, or Coat of Mail, Lai. Lorica, Clypeus, 

 Testa, Fr. Le bouclier, ou la plaque, Germ. Panzer, Schild, Schale, — 

 is a horny or bony case covering the trunk and tail, or the most part of 

 them, as in the Armadilloes. 



It is said to be 



(412.) Areolated, Lai. Scutulata, Fr. Plaque, Germ. Getafelter, 

 . — when the surface of the shield is covered by regular partitions, and a 

 shining epidermis. 



(413.) The Areola of a Shield, Lat. Scutulum, Assula, Fr. Le 

 compartiment d'un bouclier. Germ. Feld, Schildchen, — is each partition 

 of an areolated shield. 



(414.) The Bands, Lat. Cingula, Zonce, Fr. Les bandes transversnles, 

 Germ. Giirtel, — are the distinct divisions of a transverse shield, and move- 

 able by means of the skin. 



(415.J The Tail-Kings, Lat. Gyri, annuli, Fr. Les anneaux d'ecailles. 

 Germ. Schwanz-ringel, — are the separate divisions of a shielded tail. 



(■4 16.) The Dorsal Fin, Lat. Pinna dorsalis, Fr. La nageoire dorsale. 

 Germ. Riikkenfinne, — is a fin-like cutaneous process placed on the back, 

 and sustained by small bones. 



(417.) The Caudal Fin, Lat. Pedalium, Pinna analis, Fr. La 

 nageoire caudale, Germ. Schwanzfinne, — is a cutaneous process placed 

 horizontally in the shape of a fin upon the apex of the tail. 



The Skin is said to be 



(418.) Applied, Lai. Applicata, Fr. Appliquee, — when it exactly fits 

 upon the body, as in the Deer and Antelopes; 



(419.) Verrucose, Lat. A''errucosa, Fr. Verruqueuse, — when it is 

 covered with small naked eminences, or warts ; 



(420.) Scaly, Lat. Squamosa, Fr. Ecailleuse, — when the epidermis 

 is folded over in such a way as to resemble the scales of a fish, as on 

 the tail of the Beaver ; 



(421.) Naked, L^at. Nuda, Fr. Nue, — when it is destitute of hair or 

 any other integument ; 



(422.) Thick, Lai. Densa, Fr. Epaisse, — as in the Elephant, Rhino- 

 ceros, and others ; for which reason these animals are said to be Pachy- 

 dermatous, or Thick-skinned, Lni. Pachydeima ; 



(423.) Rough, Lat. Asperata, Fr. Rugueuse, — as in the animals already 

 mentioned ; and 



(424 ) Callous, Lat. Callosa, Fr. Calleuse, — when it is hard to the 

 touch. 



XVIII.— THE HAIRS. 



(425.) The Hairs, Lat. Pili, Fr. Les polls, Gei-m. Haare, — are horny 

 filaments of various shapes (see page 89), covering the body externally 

 in various degrees. They may be fine like silk, as in the Chinchilla, or 

 coarse like hay, as in some Ruminantia. 



(426 ) The Bristles, Lai. Setae, Fr. Les soies, Germ. Eorsten, 



are hard and rigid hairs frequently divided at the points, as in the Hog. 



(427.) The Prickles or Spines, Lai. Aculei, Spinse, Fr. Les pi- 

 quans ou les-epines, Germ. Stacheln, — are very strong, hard, and rigid 

 hairs, frequently ending in a sharp point. Sometimes they are nearly 

 conical and of medium length, as in the Echidnas ; very long and bulging in 

 the middle, as in the Porcupine ; flattened like the blade of a sword, as 

 in the Echimys and some spiny Rats ; alone, as in the Hedgehogs, 

 Coendou, and Spiny Echidna ; or mixed with hair, as in the Sillcy Echidna 

 and Canada Porcupine. 



The Body is said to be 



(428.) Hairy or Covered, Lat. Pilosum, Vestitum, Fr. Pileuse, Germ. 

 Behaart, — when it is furnished with Hair ; 



