OEDEE I-BI 



A. 



MAMMALIA WITTi FOUR DISTINCT UNGUICULATED LIMBS; WITH THREE KINDS OF TEETH; AND OPPOSABLE 



THUMBS ON THE PECTORAL LIMBS ALONE. 



SYNONYMS. 



Primates (in paitj Linnseus and others. 



BiMANES — Dumeril, Ciivier, and others. 

 BrjiAVA. — Hamilton Sniitli and others. 

 Erecta (Aufrecte Siiugthiere) Illiger. 



Man forms but a single Genus, and this Genus is the only one of its Order. 



3ENUS.— HOMO. MAN. 



SYNONYMS. 



Homo Erxleben, Illiger, Fischer, and others. 



Homo sapiens — Linnaeus and others. 



L'HciMME — -Ciivier, Biiffon, Dumeril, Desmarest, and others. 



Mensch. — Tiedemann and others. 



Man is excluded from the Zoological systems of Pennant, Brisson, and others. 



JENERIC CHARACTERS. 



The Teeth continuous, approximated, erect, and nearly of equal lengtli ; 

 the FoRE-TEETH eight, trenchant, the upper not inserted in 

 an intermixillary hone; the Canines four, pointed, unicuspi- 

 date; the Molars twent}', grinders, tuberculous; eight being 

 False Molars, bicuspidate ; the remaining twelve, Tede 

 Molars, and quadri-cuspidate. The Dental Formula for 

 the Adult is therefore 



2 1 2 + C + (2 F + 3) M ^16_ 

 I ^ -h tJ + (2 F + 3) M 16 " 

 'or the Infant it is 



21 2 + C + 2M ^10^^^^ 

 I 2 + U + 2 M 10 

 The Pectoral Limes, with pentadactylous Hands, eminently disposed 

 for prehension. 



The Lower Limbs, with pentadactylous and plantigrade Feet. 



The Nails flat and feeble, on all the fingers and toes. 



The Head, with its Facial Angle from 70° to 90°. The Chin pro- 

 minent. The Orbital and Temporal Foss^ distinct. 



TiiE Clavicles perfect. 



The Mamm.e two, and pectoral. The Penis free. 



The Skin naked except on the skull, also on the chin, axilte, and pubes 

 of adults. 



The Tail wanting. 



Walks erect. 



Feeds on many animal and vegetable substances (Polyphagous). 



Inhabits all parts of the globe, except the regions immediately surroundmg 

 the Poles (Cosmopolite'). 



As the physical history of Man is directly interesting to ourselves, and ought to form the standard of comparison to whi6h that of other 

 :vnimals is to be referred, it will be proper to consider the subject more in detail. 



The several points in which the organic arrangements of Man are peculiar to himself will be briefly contrasted with those possessed 

 by him in common with the other Mammalia. We shall point out the advantages which these peculiarities give him above the other 

 species, and indicate the natural order in which his individual and social faculties have developed themselves. Finally, we shall enu- 

 merate the several races of Man and their distinguishing characteristics. 



THE PECULIAR CONFORMATION OF MAN. 



The foot of Man is very different from the hinder- hand of an Ape. 

 It is broad, the leg bears vertically upon it, and the heel expands 

 beneath. Its toes are short, and can scarcely bend ; the great-toe, 

 longer and thicker than any of the others, is placed on the same 

 plane, and cannot be opposed to them. This kind of foot is there- 

 fore proper for supporting the body in an erect position, but can 

 he of no use either for seizing or climbing. Further, the hands of 

 Man arc not adapted for walking, and he is therefore truly Bipedal 

 and Bimanous — qualilies which are possessed by no other animal. 

 29 



In fact, the entire frame of Man is disposed for an upright posture. 

 His feet, as we have just seen, supply him with a broader base than 

 those of any other Mammiferous animal. The extensors or muscles 

 whicj maintain the leg and thigh in a state of extension are e-xtremely 

 vigorous, whence result the projections of the calf and buttock. 

 The flexors of the leg are attached very high, so as to permit the 

 knee to be completely extended, and thus occasion the calf to ap- 

 pear more prominent. The pelvis is broad, and serves to separate 

 the thighs and feet, giving to the body a pyramidal form highly 



