VAEIETIES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. 



Although Mankind appear to compose a single species, [partly] 

 from the circumstance that individuals of all the races are capable 

 of producing a fertile progen}', [and partly from other considera- 

 tions], they present certain hereditary peculiarities which consti- 

 tute what are termed Races. 



Three of tliese appear to be eminently distinct from each other ; 

 namely, the White, or Caucasians ; the Yellow, or Mongolians ; 

 and the Black, or Negroes. 



We shall distinguish by the term Normal, those varieties of Mankind 

 which admit of being readily referred to one or other of the preceding types. 

 The remainder, or Anomalous Races, will be arranged under Six divisions. 

 Thesemaybetermedthe Malayans, the Polynesians, the Australasians, 

 the Tasmanians, tlie Hyperboreans, and the Americans. 



Though obviously distinct from each other, the characters of the Ano- 

 malous races approach more or less nearly to those of some or all of the 

 Normal races. 



NORMAL RACES. 



Syn. Les Races ejunemment distinctes. — Cav.' Reg. Anim. I. 80. 

 Varietes he races eien caractemsees. — Desm.' Mam. 47. 



I. CAUCASIANS. 



Syn. Race Caucasique.— Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 80 Desm. Mam. 4-7. 



Homo sapiens, europ.i:us, var. /3. Lin. 3 Gmel. I. 22 var. S. Erxl.* 



2. — var. a. Albin Tab. Oss. Hum. (fide Fisclier) var. caucasica. 



Blumenb.S Handb. et Abbild." 

 Ho.MO Japeticus. — Fisch.7 Syn. Mam. 2. 



Celto-scyth-arabes Desmoul.^ Tab. 



EuROPAER. — Camp.5 Gesichtsz. 



La Caucasique, on Araee-Europeenne Dunn.'° Zool. Anal. 6. 



Race blanche, ou Caucasienne (in part) — Less." Mam. 24. 

 Premere Race, Blanche — Virey," Hist. Nat. du Gen. Hum. L 438, 



et Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. art. Homme. '■' 

 Race Europeene, on Caucasique — De Lacepede, in Diet, des Sc. Nat. 



art. Homme. '+ 



The Caucasian variety, to which we belong, may readily be dis- 

 tinguished by the beauty of the oval form of the head. Some of 

 the groups belonging to this division have constituted nations of the 

 highest comparative civilization, and which have most frequently ex- 

 ercised dominion over the remainder. They may vary in the tint 

 of the skin and colour of the hair, and have been [rather improper- 

 ly] termed Caucasians, from the circumstance that the early tra- 

 ditions of nations would refer [some of] their tribes to the group 

 of mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas, from which they 

 [are conjectured by several writers to have] emigrated in all direc- 

 tions. The inhabitants of the Caucasus itself, such as the Circassians 

 and Georgians, are still accounted at the present day among the 

 mo.st beautiful people of the globe. 



The leading branches of these races may be distinguished by the 

 analogy [and affinity] of their languages. 



Whenever two languages have a general resemblance in their gramma- 

 tical structure, and when a great number of the roots or elements Mre 

 common to both, they are said to be allied to each other. Thus, the 

 Hebrew, the Clialdee, the Syriac, and the Geez or Ethiopic, have a na- 

 tural affinity. Again, there are others wliicli are wholly distinct in their 

 vocabularies, with few words in common, yet they bear a striking resem- 

 blance to each other in their grammatical structuie, such as the monosyl- 

 labic languages of the Chinese, Tibetans, Siamese, &c. These may be 

 termed analogous languages.'* 



By combining a philological inquiry into the affinity or analogy of lan- 

 guages, with a careful examination into the physical diversities of nations, 

 we are enabled to classify the several tribes of Men under appropriate 

 subdivisions. 



All the Caucasian races may be reduced to five principal sub-varieties, 

 (A.) Homo Caucasicus, or Caucasians Proper; (B.) H. lapelkus, or 



lapetans : (C.) IT. Cclticus, or Celts ; (D.) H. Semilkiis, or Arameans ; 

 (E.) //. Scyilmms, or Scytliians. Minor differences of form and lan^ua^e 

 give rise to further subdivisions into groups or famiUes of nations. 



(A.) HOMO CAUCASICUS — CAUCASIANS PROPER. 



Syn. Homo Japeticus, a. a Caucasicus. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 2. 

 Caucasienne. — Desmoul. Tab. 



Race Cai casique (Orientale) Bory.'° Ess. Zool. I. 110. 



1° SOOCIIE EUROPijENE, 1° TiGE CAUCASIQUE. — Broc.'? Ess. 28. 

 Races Greques et PiiLAGiQUEs (in part). — Malte-Brun,'^ G($og. Univ. 

 Icon. Blumenb.'a Dec. Cran. IIL t. 21. (Skull of a Georgian female.) 



The various tribes known b\- the names of Georgians, Imeritians, Min- 

 grelians, Abassians, Tscheikessians or Circassians, and Lesghians, have 

 long been celebrated for the extreme regularity and general beauty of their 

 features. They inhabit the mountain chains of the Caucasus and the ad- 

 jacent valleys, situate in the immediate neighbourhood of the Black and 

 Caspian Seas, between the i\° and 45° of N. latitude. From the earliest 

 ages, these regions have been the abode of numerous tribes, all of whom, 

 excepting the Ossetes, according to M. Julius Klaproth, speak languages, 

 the idioms of which are wholly distinct from those of all other known 

 tongues. 



Tliese circumstances, combined with the characteristic pln'siognomy 

 of the Caucasians Proper, entitle them to be regarded as indigenous and 

 primitive tribes of great antiquity. 



The Georgian races, as we are informed by Chardin,^" are the most 

 beautiful in the East, and we may even say, in the world. During the 

 twelfth centur}', numerous poetical and historical works were composed 

 in their own peculiar language.^' Their women are not so white as the 

 Circassians, nor are their figures quite so graceful, yet they possess great 

 beauty, and scarcely an ugly countenance can be found in all the country. 

 They are tall, well made, extremely slight round tlie waist, and of a most 



' Cnv. Reg. Anim—Lc Regne Animal distribue d'apres son orrranisation. 



2 Desm. Maji — Mammalogie, ou Description des Especes de Mammiieres. 



3 Lin. G.MEL — Caroli A. Linne, Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Natura. 



■■ Erxl lo. Christ. Polyc. Erileb'en, Systema Regni Animalis. Classis I. 



* Blumenb. Hands.. 



1829. 

 1820. 

 1789. 



Nouvelle Edition. 



Par A. Desmoulins. 

 de Fischer). 

 Par A. M. Constant Dumeril, Paris, 1806. 



Par JL Le Baron Cuvier, Paris, 

 Par M. A. G. Desmarcst, Paris, 

 Cara lo. Frid. Gmelin, Lugduni, 

 Mammalia. Lipsise, 1777. 

 Handbuch der Naturgesohiehte, von J. F. Blumenbach, Gott. 1821. 



6 Blumenb. Abbild Abbildungen Natm-historischer Gegenstande, von J. F. Blumenbach, G(jtt. 1797. 



Fisch. Svn. Maji — Synopsis Blammalium. Auetore J. B. Fischer, Stuttgardtia;, 1829. 

 » Desmodl. Tab — Tableau General, Physique, et Geographique des Especes et des Races du Genre Humain. 



Camp. Gesichtsz — Ueber die Verschiedenhcit der Gesichtszilge von P. Camper, Berl. 1792 (fide 

 ^0 Dusi. Zool. Anal — Zoologie Analytique, ou Slethode Natureilo de Classification des Animaux. 1 

 Less. Mail— Jlanuel de Mammalogie. Par Rene-Primeverre Lesson, Paris, 1827. 



13 N^"^^' ^'^''' .^*^' °° ^^^' ^"'' Histoire Naturelle du Genre Humain. Par J. J. Virey, Paris, 1824. 



u ^°"^" DiCT. d'I-Iist. Nat Nouveau Dictionnaired'Histoire Naturelle apphquee aux arts. Par une Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs, Paris, Deterville, 1817. 



15 AV,'^^' °^^ ^'^' ^^'^ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. Par plusieurs Professeurs du .Tardin du Eoi, et des principales Ecoles de Paris, Strasbourg, et Paris, 1821. 



16 :^°^''''"'' °f ^ Comparative Review of Philological and Physical Researches. By J. C. Pritchard, M.D., in Reports of the British Association for 1832. 



17 n "'^ '??^' '^°°^ — L'Homme, Essai Zoologique sur le Genre Humain. Par M. Bory de Saint- Vincent, Paris, 1836, 3d Edit. 

 ?,"'°'^' ^^ — ^^^^^ ^"'' '«s R^<=S' Humaines. Par P. P. Broc, Paris, 1836. 



Malte-Brun, Geog. Univ — Geo>;raphie Universelle. Par iM. Malte-Brun, Paris, 1816. 

 Blume. Dec. Cean — Decas Craniorum. Ed. J. F. Blumenbach, Gott. 1790-1820. 

 ^ Les Voyages de Jo. Chardin, vol. I. p. 171, Amsterdam, 173.5. 

 Eugene, Annales des Voyages, XII. p. 86, 90 (fide fllalte-Brun). 



