134 



ORDER BIMANA^GENUS HOMO. 



means of sustenance. " The staff of life in Cliina," observes Sir John 

 Barrow,' " is rice, anJ it is the chief article of produce in the middle and 

 southern provinces. The grain requires little or no manure ; age after 

 age the same piece of ground yields its annual crop, and some of them 

 two crops a year. In the culture of rice, water answers every purpose." 

 All the details of agiiculture are prescribed by the laws ; national festi- 

 vals are consecrated in honour of the art, and the Emperor of China os- 

 tensibly professes to be the first agricultural labourer of this vast terri- 

 tory. A sea-faring life is held in abhorrence by the greater number of the 

 natives, and those Chinese who leave their country for purposes of trade, 

 only do so in defiance of the laws, for, if recognised, they are not permit- 

 ted to return without molestation. 



Silk is the material most commonly used for their larger garments, and 

 cotton dresses are by no means so common as among the Hindoos. Being 

 scarcely ever addicted to the abuse of spirituous liquors, tea forms the 

 favorite beverage of the Chinese ; and perfumes are highly esteemed. 

 Their soldiers have little courage ; and their dress and appearance are said 

 to be " most unmilitary, better suited forthe stage than the field ofbattle ; 

 their paper helmets, wadded gowns, quilted petticoats, and clumsy satm 

 boots, being but ill adapted for the purposes of war." The people, 

 however, are very industrious and skilful in business. Clever artizans in 

 nearly all the useful and elegant articles of life were common in China, 

 at a time when Europe was sunk in profound barbarism. Their 

 history, and the peculiarities of their monosyllabic language, may be 

 traced to a remote period of antiquity ; yet their civilization has long re- 

 mained sttitionary, and the most trivial actions of individuals are here re- 

 gulated by the forms of law. 



The Emperor and his court have long adhered to the ancient religion 

 as originally taught by Kong-fu-tse, commonly called Confucius, but the 

 present Mantchoo dynasty exhibits a very marked leaning towards Budd- 

 hism, or the religion of Fo. 



The traditions of the Japanese tend to show that they were orieinally 

 a Chinese colony, yet their language is wholly different ; few Chinese 

 terms can be recognised ; the words are not monosyllabic ; while the 

 syntax and conjugations possess a distinct and original character. There 

 is a peculiarity in the eye of a Japanese, which indicates a slight resem- 

 blance to the Mantchoo ; it is oblong, sunken, and narrow, so as to 

 appear as if constantly winking ; the eyelids form a deep furrow, and the 

 eyebrows appear higher than we find generally in other nations of this 

 race. The head of a Japanese is commonlj' large ; the hair thick, black, 

 and glossy ; the neck short, and the nose broad. 



The native inhabitants of Pegu, Ava, and Aracan, do not differ greatly 

 frbm the proper Chinese in their physical traits, but are merely a httle 

 darker in their complexions. It is said that the Aracanese admire abroad 

 and flat forehead, and with this view continue to flatten the foreheads of 

 their infants soon after birth. Their nostrils are broad and open, their 

 eyes small and lively, and their ears hang down to the shoulders. The 

 females are not very dark, and their ears are fully as long as those of the 

 male population. 



C. HOMO SERIOUS.— MANTCHOO.S. 



Si/n. Les Mantchoux Cuv. Reg. Anim. T. 8.3 Lesson, Mam. 25. 



Icon. Blumenb. Dec. Cran. II. t. 16. (Skull of a Tongoos), and III. t. 23. 

 (Skull of a DaoLiriiin). 



According to M. Langles,= the language of the Mantchoos is wholly 

 different to that of the true Mongolians, tile Chinese, or any of the Tar- 

 tar tribes, and bears some remote affinities to the languages of Europe. 



Most of the leading families of Mantchoo extraction have settled in 

 China, where they have adopted the common dress of the country. For 

 these reasons they are gradually becoming incorporated with the Chinese, 

 whom their arms have subdued. Their religion has some affinity with 

 Shamanism. They are more robust in their figure than the Chinese, but 

 their countenances have less expression. The feet of the genuine Mant- 

 choo women are not cramped and rendered useless by bandages. 



The several wandering tribes of hunters, known by the name of Ton- 

 gooses or CEvo^ns,' who roam over the barren wastes situate to the 

 eastward of the Sea of Baikal, may be placed in this subdivision. 



D. HOMO KURILIANUS.— AINOOS. 



Si/n. KOURILIENNK -Desmoul. Tab. 



Icon. Desmoul. Hist.* Nat. des R. Hum. pi 5 and 6. 



The islands extending in a chain from Japan to Kamtchatska are in- 

 habited by a race of men peculiar in language and appearance, called by 

 the Japanese Mo-sins, or Hairy men. though they style themselves Ain- 

 oos, according to Krusenstern.* They are taller than the Japanese, and of a 

 more robust frame, with very thick and black beards, and the hair of the 

 head also black and somewhat frizzled. The forehead rises rather squarely 

 upwards, the nose is straight, and nearly on a level with the forehead, as 

 in the Celtic, lapetan, or Aramean races, only shorter and thicker. Their 

 complexion is deep brown, approaching towards black; the beard and 

 eyebrows so thick as almost to conceal the face ; the whole body covered 

 with hair ; and, if we may credit the accounts of the Russians, a child of 

 five years old, found, in 1806, at the bay of Mordwinofi^ had his body al- 

 ready covered in this remarkable manner. 



Their height is about five feet seven inches in the neighbourhood of 

 Jesso ; their fimbs well proportioned. The women appear to European 

 eyes far uglier than the men ; their complexion is equally dark, their lips 

 painted blue, and their hands tattooed. M. Desmoulins (Hist. Nat. des 

 R. Hum. pi. 6) represents an Ainoos family, from a singular Japanese 

 design, which, though rude, is executed with some spirit. The mother 

 of the family appears to be suckling a young pig, a common practice in 

 tlie island of Jesso, where the females rear young bears, dogs, or pigs, in 

 this manner, and confine them when old enough in cages until they are 

 sufficiently fat for killing. 



The language of the Ainoos is said to bear no affinity to the Japanese, 

 the Kamtchatskadale, or the Mantchoo, and, as far as hitherto known, 

 seems to be very different from any other. 



III. NEGROES. 



Syn. Race Negee — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 80. 



Race Noire ou Melanienne (in pari). — Less. Mam. 26. 

 Race Ethiopienne ou Negre Desm. Mam. 47 Dum. Zool. 



AnA. 



Homo Sapiens, Afek c. — Linn. Gmel. I. 

 ^Ethiopica Blumenb. Hand, et Abbild. 



23.. 



Erxl. 2 Var. 



The Negro races are confined to the region south of Mount Atlas. 

 Their complexions are black, their hair woolly, the cranium com- 

 pressed, and the nose flattened, while their projecting muzzle and 

 thick lips indicate a near approach to the characters of the Monkey 

 tribes. The hordes composing this division h."ve always remained 

 in a barbarous state. 



A. HOMO jETHIOPICUS ETHIOPIANS. 



Syn. Ethiopien Less. Mam. 26. — Desmoul. Tab. 



Icon. 



H. jEthiopicus.— Bory, Ess. Zool. II. 29. 



Blumenb. Dec. Cran. I. t. 6, 7, and 8. IL t. 17, 18, 19. 



The traits of the genuine Ethiopian are so very different from those of 



any of the races already described, as to strike an observer at the first 

 glance. But independently of the nature of his woolly hair, the excessive 

 darkness of his entire skin, and the clear tones of his voice, there are some 

 striking anatomical differences, which, according to some writers, would be 

 accounted specific, if recognised in any other animal than Man. The 

 cranium is narrowed in front, flattened on the top, and becomes rounded 

 in the occipital region ; the sutures are very close, the bones of the nose 

 considerably flattened ; the incisive teeth inserted obliquely ; while the 

 skeleton of the entire body surpasses that of all other races in whiteness.' 

 The bones of the pelvis are larger, especially in the females, and the 

 thighs and legs possess a certain degree of curvature, so as to impart a 

 bow-legged appearance to the best made Negro. 



The following may be briefly stated as the characters of the true Ethio- 

 pian : — The skin of the entire body black, excepting the palms of the 



1 Encyclopiedia Britannica. Art. China. By Sir John Barrow. Also, Barrow's Travels in China ; and Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China. By Dr Clarke 

 liel. London, 1818. ' 



'' Lanjfles, Alphabet Mantchoo. (Fide Jlalte-Brun.) 



•" Si-e .Maltc-Bruii. Geog. Univ. And the Synoptical Table at the end of the XLth division. 

 * Desmoul. Hist. Nat. des R. Husi Histoire Naturelle des Races Humaines. Par A. Desmoulins. Paris, 1826. 



5 Kvusenstern s Voyajre, 11. p. 7. 



6 This remark has been made by M. Bory Saint- Vincent ; we have not had an opportunity of verifying his observation. 



