140 



ORDER BIMANA.— GENUS HOMO. 



D. HOMO PAPUENSIS— I'APOOS & TASMANIANS. 

 Syn. H. NeptpnianI-'S, Paioiie (intermediaire) — Bcry. Ess. Zool. I. 303. 



PAPOirAS et Papous — Quoy et Guim.' Zool. de I'Uran. p. I Less, et 



Gain. Zool. de la Coq. I. 84-. 

 Papoue. — Desmoul. Tab. 

 Icon. Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I'Astr. pi. 4, fig. 4 ami 5. (Natives of New 

 Guinea), and Voy. de I'Uran. pi. I. and II. 

 Peron, Voy. pi. i to 8. (Natives of Van Diemen's Land.) 



The races who itiliabit the shores of the islands of Waijoo, Salwatty, 

 Gaii.inen,and Balenta, and all the northern coast of New Guinea, from Point 

 Sabelo to Cape Dory, are known by the name of Papoos. Their hair 

 and the general colour of the skin hold medium characters between those 

 of the Malays and Oceanic Negroes, from the intermixture of whom they 

 have in all probability originated. Their existence as a distinct race, 

 though noticed by Dampier in 1699, was not fully recognised until the 

 first voyage of MM. Quoy and Gaimard. 



The Papoos are in general of medium stature, and tolerably well-made, 

 though some individuals are seen with feeble and meagre limbs. The 

 colour of the skin is not black, but rather a deep brown, midway between 

 the tints of the Malay and Oceanic Negro. Their hair is very black, 

 neither straight nor curled, but woolly, tolerably iine, and frizzled, which 

 gives to their head an extraordinary voluminous appearance, especially 

 when they neglect turning it up behind. The beard is scanty, but 

 very black on the upper lip; the pupil of the eye is of the same colour. 

 Although the nose is slightly flattened, the lips thick, and the cheek- 

 bones prominent, their physiognomy is not disagreeable. Hated by the 

 other races, as being a kind of hybrids, they live with the adjoining tribes 

 in a continuous and permanent state of distrust, and wander about armed 

 with a bow and two or three large quivers filled with arrows. Suspicion, 

 hatred, and all the passions which naturally arise from their situation, are 

 forcibly depicted on their countenances ; and, as with all the other black 

 races, the instinctive faculties exhibit a marked prevalence over the moral 

 or intellectual The women, with a few exceptions, are unusually ugly, 

 and compelled b}' their despotic masters to perform all the offices of 

 slavery. 



The Papoos of the Bouka Islands, New Britain, and Port Praslin, 

 wear no garments of any kind. The natives of Dorery and the north of 

 New Guinea are exceptions to this custom, and procure cotton fabrics, 

 dyed blue or red by the Malays, in exchange for birds of paradise, tor- 

 toise-shell, or slaves. These nations are in the habit of covering the 

 chest and shoulders with elevated and papillated cicatrices, arranged in 

 curved or straight lines, according to some regular pattern. 



Some tribes of New Guinea, Waijoo and Booka, give their hair that 

 singular frizzled appearance, which has been regarded by some as charac- 

 teristic of the Papoo race. Other tribes, however, such as those of 

 Rony in New Guinea, of New Britain, and New Ireland, permit their 

 hair to fall upon the shoulders in tangled and flowing masses. 



In general, the Papoos are fonid of daubing the hair and face with a 

 composition of red ochre and grease, variegating the breast and face 

 with transverse bands of earth of coral. Different from the Polynesians, 

 the practice of tattooing is but sparingly adopted, and they confine 

 themselves to tracing a few scattered lines upon the arms or the lips 

 of their females. Ornaments of every kind are anxiously sought, and 

 worn indiscriminately on the head, breasts, and arms. Bracelets of a daz- 

 zling whiteness, made with great skill and beautifully polished, arefrequent- 

 Iv to be seen ; but these are probably procured merely from the larger ex- 

 tremity of those enormous Cones which are plentifully found in the sur- 

 rounding seas. They pierce the nostril occasionally for inserting some 

 small ornament. The custom of chewing the betel, with areca and lime, 

 has been partially introduced from their intercourse with the Malays. 



The Papoos of Dorery and Waijoo have a peculiar taste for carving 

 idols, which they place on their tombs, in particular parts of their cabins, 

 as well as on the prows of their canoes. Their religion is a pure Fetish- 

 ism, though a few traces of the Mahometan rites may be noticed. 



Their barbarous and guttural dialects wholly differing from tribe to 

 tribe, are as unintelligible to each other as they are to foreigners. 



To this division once belonged the aborigines of Van Diemen's Land, 

 now said to be exterminated by the colonists. Their contrast to the 

 New Hollanders already described is singular. Peron remarks that in 

 passing from Van Diemen's Land to New Holland, one is at once struck 

 by the extraordinary difference between them. They have absolutely 



nothing in common, whether in their manners, customs, art=, instruments 

 for hunting or fishinii, dwellings, canoes, arms, the form of the skull, the 

 proportions of the face, or their language. This remarkable dissimilarity 

 prevails likewise in tlieir colour. The indigenous inhabitants of Van Die- 

 men's Land are much browner than those of New Holland ; the former 

 have shoi t, woolly, and curly hair ; among the latter it is straight, long, 

 and smooth. 



The many points of resemblance which these proper Tasmanians 

 of Van Diemen's Land bear to the Papoos of New Guinea, have induced 

 us to include them in the same division They have the same habit of 

 painting their hair with a red ferruginous earth; of elevating small cica- 

 trices upon the skin ; of cooking their food upon wood fires ; of living un- 

 covered upon the ground without shelter along side of large fires ; of fab- 

 ricating elegant baskets with twigs of trees ; and of fashioning small 

 ornaments, especially a kind of ear-ring called rodrm/. They are poly- 

 gamous, and construct conical buildings over the tombs of their deceased 

 relations. 



Though exposed to a rigorous climate, they seldom build cabins for 

 themselves, but merely raise a temporary shelter from the winds with the 

 bark of a tree. 



Their language differs so remarkably from the barbarous and innum<?- 

 rable dialects of Australia, that M. Labillardiere at once declared them to 

 be of a different origin.- 



E. HOMO HYPERBOREUS HYPERBOREANS. 



Sr/7i. Les Habitans eu Nord des deux Continents Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 



85. 

 H. ScYTHicus y. Hypekeoreus. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 5. 

 H. HVPEHBOHEUS (in part). — Bory, Ess. Zool. I. 262. 

 HYPERBOREr:.\ ou EsKiMAU (in part). — Less. Mam. 25. 

 H YPEREOKEENNE. — Desmoul. Tab. 

 Icon. Cook and King, Voy. pi. LXXV. and LXXVI. (Natives of Kamts- 



chatka.) PI. XXXVIII. and XL. (Natives of Nootka Sound.) PI. 



XLVI. and XLVIl. (Natives of Pr. William's Sound.) PI. XLVII!. 



and XLIX. (Natives of Oonalaslika.) 

 Desmoul. Hist, des R. Hum. pi. 1 and 2. 



The obscure tribes which inhabit the northern extremity of the old 

 continent under the names of Samoids, Yookaghirs, Koriaks, Tchooktches 

 or Kamtchatdales, and under the name of Esquimaux, have wandered 

 in North America as far. to the southward as Nootka Sound, Labrador, 

 and the frontiers of Canada, belong to the Hyperborean races. 3 



The inhabitants of these desolate regions are of very small stature, 

 their medium height being about four feet nine inches. Their persons 

 are short and thickly made, with short legs, a large and flat head, the 

 lower part of the face projecting greatly, the mouth wide, the ears large, 

 and the beard very scanty. Their eyes are small, black, and angular ; the 

 skin olive-coloured and shining with grease. Their hair, black and 

 bristly, is arranged, however', with much care. The men have a very 

 harsh voice, nearly resembling that of the Ethiopian Negroes. The 

 women, apparently very ugly to European eyes, are nearly of the same 

 height as the men, atrd comparatively more muscular. Their solt, pen- 

 dant, and pear-shaped mammae are very long from their earliest youth, 

 and can be thrown over the shoulder to suckle their infants, which are 

 usually carried on the back. The areolas are large, the nipples long, 

 wrinkled, and black as coal. They arrive very late at the period of 

 puberty. " Absolument glabres, excepte sur la tete, elles accouchent 

 avec une extrerr}e facilite, ce que tient a une telle dilatation de certaines 

 voies, qu'on a dit qu'elles elargissaient artificiellement ces parties en y 

 portant sans cesse enfoncee une enorme cheville en hois."'' 



The complexions of all the Hyperborean races are much darker than 

 those of the nations of Europe and Central Asia, and are generally 

 blacker in proportion as they approach the Pole. It is not rare to find 

 tribes living near the seventieth degree of latitude, who are deeper in tint 

 than the Hottentots at the opposite extremity of the Old Continent, and 

 almost as dark as the Ethiopians of its equatorial regions. 



These tribes, though ever wandering from place to place, feel that 

 strong attachment for their native wastes which incapacitates them from 

 existing in the temperate regions of the globe. Clad in furs from head to 

 foot, the Hyperborean fishes for his subsistence, or maintains extensive 

 herds of Rein-deer. The Dog, after undergoing castration, shares his 

 iaboirrs or draws his sledge. On the borders of the Northern Ocean, he 



' Quoy ET Gaim. Zool. de l'Uran Voyage autonr Je lamonde sur la corvette I'Uvanie et la Physicienne, par M. Freycinet; Zoologie, par MM. Quoyet Gaimard. 



Piris. lS'i4, et suiv. 



2 For a further account of this race, consult Peron's Voyage, and Labillardiere (Voyage a la recherche de la Perouse), passim. 



3 E. Sabine in the Journal of Science, XIII.; Captain Parry's Journal of a Third Voyage; Captain Sir John Ross' Voyage of 



Regions. 



4 Bory, Ess. Zool. I. 262. 



Discovery ; and Scoresby's Arctic 



