142 



ORDER BIMANA — GENUS HOMO. 



2. AusTRALis. — South American Indians. 



Spi. H. Americanus Bory, Ess. Zoo!. II. 17. — Fisch. Syn. Main. 6. 



Americaine Desnioul. Tab. 



Icon. Blumenb. Dec. Cran. V. t. 46, 47, and 48, VI. t. 58. 



Pr. Max. Reis.' pi. 2 and 3 ("Puris Indians), pi. 7 (Patachos Indians of 

 the Rio do Prado), pi. 10 and 17 (Boticudos Indians). 



The races of Sout'i American Indians, cliiFering materially from those 

 alreadj' described, are siill imperfectly known. They are widely dispersed 

 over the extensive plains of the Amazon and Oronoko, Brazil, Paraguay, 

 and part of Chile, under the names of Omaguas, Guaranas, Coroads, 

 Atures, Otomacs, Boticudos, Charruas, Chaymas, &c. &c. 



These races, with few e.xceptions, have their skulls oval-shaped, of a 

 disproportionately large size, sunk between the shoulders, flattened on 

 the vertex, with a broad forehead; but depressed to an extreme degree ; 

 the superciliary ridges very much elevated ; the cheek-hones prominent ; 

 the eyes small and sunken ; the nose flattened with expanded nostrils ; 

 [he lips thick ; the mouth wide, with the teeth placed almost vertically 

 in the gums. Tlie hue of their skin is neither black, yellow, nor copper- 

 coloured, ,but a dark brown. Their hair is black, straight, and of the 

 coarseness of horse hair. 



Their stature is rather below the middle size. Hunting, and the use 

 of a few nutritious roots, supply the simple sustenance of tribes whose in- 

 telligence is excessively limited. They are destitute of religion, and what 

 is more remarkable, are said to be almost devoid of superstition. The 

 bow and the arrow, the javelin and the club, are their only arms. Their 

 aversion to the North American Indians is most decided, and they cany 

 on a continual war with them at all points where they come in mutual 

 contact. 



Of the races situate to the East of the Andes and La Plata, we may 

 notice the Omaguas, who assist the natural depression of their foreheads 

 by artificial means ; the Guaranas, Coroados, and Atures, obscure tribes, 

 who are daily diminishing in numbers. The Ottomacs include ants, gum, 

 and, what is more remarkable, a kind of potter's clay, in their list of edi- 

 ble substances. This earth is kneaded into balls of a few inches in dia- 

 meter, and roasted before a slow fire. When analyzed by Vauquelin, it 

 was found to consist of 50 parts per cent, of silica, 40 of alumina, 4 of 

 magnesia, 1 of oxide of iron, , besides water. It is procured only from 

 particular beds, and all kinds are not equally pleasing to their palates. 

 Fish, lizards, fern roots, and other animal and vegetable substances, are 

 also used for food, when they can be procured, but under any circum- 

 stances a ball of clay usually concludes the repast. The Puris, a ferocious 

 tribe, are said to roast and eat the prisoners taken in war. All these 

 tribes are of a very deep-brown colour. The Boticudos, of a light-brown, 

 sometimes approaching almost to white, adopt the singular custom of in- 

 serting a very large and round block of wood into the lobe of each ear, 

 and in the under lip, so as to give the entire countenance a most singu- 

 lar and characteristic appearance. The Charruas, a warlike tribe of 

 Paraguay, have successfully resisted the attacks of Europeans ; they are 

 of a deep-brown complexion approaching to black. 



At the southern extremity of the South American continent, we find 

 several wandering tribes, very elevated in stature, whom M. Bory has 

 raised to the rank of a distinct species, under the name of Homo Patagonus. 

 They are known to navigators under the names of Patagonians, Puelches, 

 Araucans, or Tehuetlets. Exaggeration and the love of the marvellous 

 have elevated the stature of the Patagonians to seven feet and upwards ; 

 yet it seems pretty well estabhshed that six feet, four inches, is no very 

 extraordinary height among this people. 



In the adjoining inland of Tierra del Fuego, we find the Pescherais, a 

 diminutive and stunted race, scarcely taller than the Hyperboreans of 

 the Northern Hemisphere. 



SUE-VAEIETIES OF THE HUMAN RACE. 



All the preceding races of men are capable of producing by their union 

 a fertile progeny, which possesses intermediate characters between those 

 of its parents. These combinations give rise to most of the variations of 

 features which may be observed in all quarters of the globe, but especial- 

 ly among the European colonies. In those ordinary instances of inter- 

 marriage, where the differences between the characters of the parents are 

 inconsiderable, the variety thence resulting has no particular name as- 

 signed to it ; but in alliances where the races are very remote, the progeny 

 has been distinguished by various denominations. 



Tlie Mulatto proceeds from the Caucasian or White Race and the 

 Negro, well known in the European colonies, as forming a dangerous 

 caste called men of colour, or petit blancs, despised by the Whites of 

 pure race as being of inferior blood, and detested by the Negroes, from 

 their pretending to usurp the authority of Whites, without possessing a 

 legitimate title. In his physical features, the Mulatto holds an interme- 



diate station between his parents, both of whom he resembles in colour 

 and form, in his half-curly hair, his muzzle slightly projecting, as well as 

 in his moral and intellectual qualities. When Mulattoes intermarry, 

 their posterity resembles themselves, and form a race called Casque, pro- 

 bably a corruption of the word caste. In general, they are well-made 

 and robust, violent in their passions, talkative and volatile. In the East 

 Indies there is a race of oriental Mulattoes, called Bouganese, the pro- 

 geny of the Hindoo and Negro. They are browner and more meagre 

 than the Mulattoes of European descent. 



The Mestizo, generally of feeble constitution, is the result of a union 

 between the American Indian {H. Americanus) and the European. 



The Zambi or Lobos is the descendant o( the African and American 

 Indian. These individuals are of a dark-brown copper-colour, very mus- 

 cular and robust. In Mexico they are called China. 



The Teko is the descendant of the Chinese and Malay. 



The Easter is the progeny of the Caucasian and Hottentot {H. Ca- 

 pensis). His skin is of the colour of dried citron. In respect to his in- 

 tellectual character, he partakes more of the European than of the Hot- 

 tentot, being braver and more energetic than the latter. The promi- 

 nence of the cheek-bones continiies in these unions for several generations. 

 An excellent figure of this sub-variety is given in the Atlas to Peron's 

 Voyage, pi. 35. 



The Black Easter results from the union of the Negro and Hotten- 

 tot. This race is superior in stature to the common Baster ; and the 

 black com[)lexion of the Negro is mitigated by the olive tint of the Hotten- 

 tot. A female Hottentot, according to Le Vaillant (Premiere Voyage), 

 is much more fertile when united to a White or Negro than to one of 

 her own race. 



The above are the principal unions of the first degree to which par- 

 ticular names have been assigned. But, as each of these sub-varieties 

 may combine with another, and with the original races, these again with 

 their progeny, and so on ad infinitum', there hence arise combinations of 

 the second, third, fourth, and fifth degrees, after which they cease to 

 have particular denominations. 



Commencing with the unions of the second degree, the Terceroon or 

 MoRisco is the progeny of the Caucasian and Mulatto. Sometimes this 

 race is incorrectly termed Quadroon. 



The Griffe or Caeer is the descendant of the Negro and Mulatto. 

 This is sometimes called Zambo. 



The QuATRALVi or Castisse proceeds from the American Mestizo 

 and the Caucasian or White. 



The Zambaigi descends from the American and the Zambi. 



The Zambo Pbieto results from the union of the Negro and the Zambi. 



The Tresalve is the progeny of the American and the Mestizo. 



The Dark Mol.vttous result from the American and the Mulatto. 



To ascertain the purity of these several combinations of the second 

 denree, let us put W for White, B for Black, and A for American; we 

 then find 



The Terceroon or Morisco * ( W + -^^-AWf W + i B 



The Griffe or Caber 

 The Quatralvi or Castisse 

 The Zambaisi 



B + ZJ:J.) = lW+aB 



w + 



W -f A \_ 



3 W+iA 



A+ A_+_B)=JA + |B 



The Zambo Prieto 

 The Tresalve 

 The Dark Mulatto 



• i(B+ .^A)=aB+lA 



a+A4^Wa + . 



W 



A+ -^^^^)=iA + iW + iB 



In the conibin.itious of the third order. 



The QuADKuoN proceeds from the White and the Terceroon. These 

 are sometimes incorrectly termed Albinos. 



The Octavoon descends from the White and Quafralvi. 

 The Saltatras is the progeny of the Mulatto and Terceroon. 

 The Coyote proceeds from the Mestizo and Terceroon. 

 The GivERos descends from the Zambi and the Griffe. 

 The Cambujo is the result of the Mulatto and Zambaigi. 

 In respect to the purity of their blood, we find 



The Quadroon 

 The Octavoon 



3 W + A 



W + 



=1 W + i A 



' Pr. Max. Reis.— Eeise nach Brasilien in den jahren 1815 bis 1817, von Maximilian, Priuz zu Wied-NounieJ. Frankfurt, 1821. 



