ORDER IL-QUADRUMANA. 



MAMMALIA. WITH FOUR DISTINCT UNGUICULATED LIMBS, WITH THREE KINDS OF TEETH, AND FOUR HANDS. 



SYNONYMS. 



Primates (in part) Linn. Gmel. I. 21 Fisch. Syn. Mam. I. 



QuADRUMANEs Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 85. — GeofF. Ann. Mus.' XIX. 85.^ — 



Temm. Mon. Mam.'' I. pref. pag. 13 (excluding the Genus Galeopi- 



theque). Q. ou Tetrachires Dum. Zool. Anal. 9. 



QuADRUMANA Ham. Smith, Syn.' p. 4. 



QuADRHMANA (Vierhauder). Voigt, Thierr.* 1. 73. 

 PoLLiCATA (Daumenfiisser). — Illig. Prodr.'' 66. 

 ViERHANDiGE Schinz, Thierr.6 I. 94. 



CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER. 



The Teeth consisting of Incisores, Canines, and Molars. 



The Pectoral Limbs generally pentadactylous, sometimes only tetradactylous. 



The Hinder Limbs always pentadactylous. 



The Fingers with Nails or Claws. 



The Head with its facial angle varying from 30° to 65°. The Eyes directed forwards. The Orbital 



and Temporal Foss^ distinct. The Clavicles perfect. 

 The Mamm^ usually two, sometimes four, always pectoral. The Penis free, and with a Scrotum. 

 Live mostly in trees, where they climb with great facility. 

 Feed on fruits, roots, and insects. 

 Inhabit the tropical parts of the entire globe, rarely extending far beyond. 



Independently of the anatomical details already enumerated, 

 which distinguish this order from that of Man, it presents a remark- 

 able difference from our species in the conformation of the lower 

 extremities. The thumbs of the hinder limbs are free and oppos- 

 able to the fingers, which are long and flexible like those of the 

 fore-hand. Hence all the species of this order climb trees with great 

 ease, while it is only with the utmost difficulty that they can hold 

 themselves upright, or walk in an erect position. The hands of the 

 lower limbs then rest only upon the outer margins, and their nar- 

 row pelvis is very unfavourable to equilibrium. 



In respect to their Intestines, they are tolerably similar to our 

 species ; their eyes are directed forwards ; the mammae are pectoral ; 

 the penis hangs freely ; the brain has three lobes on each side, the 



hinder of which covers the cerebellum ; and the temporal fossae are 

 separated from the orbits by a bony partition. In other respects 

 they gradually degenerate from the form proper to Man, in exhibit- 

 ing a muzzle more or less elongated, a tail, and a walk more ex- 

 clusively quadrupedal. Yet the freedom of their fore-arms, and 

 the complicated form of their hands, enable them to execute many 

 actions and gestures similar to those of Man. 



For a long time they have been divided into two genera; now 

 in some measure become two small families, the Apes and Makis, 

 by the continual accession of new species. Between these it is 

 necessary to place a third, the Ouistitis, which cannot be referred 

 with propriety to either of the preceding. 



FAMILY I. SIMIA.— APES. 



synonyms. 



SiMiA Linn. Gmel. I. 26 (in part). 



Singes Cuv. Reg. Anim. L 86 — Desm. Mam. 48 (in part) Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. 86. 



QuADRUMANA (Vierhandcr) in part — lUig. Prodr. 67- 



Ape Shaw,' Gen. Zool. I. 1 (in part). 



Affen. — Schinz, Thierr. Affe. — Voigt, Thierr. 



CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY. 



General Form approaching to that of Man. 



Nails flat on all the fingers, and of the same form, excepting that of the thumb, which is the flattest. 



To this family belong all the Quadrumana with four straight in- 

 cisive teeth in each jaw, and with flat nails on all their fingers, — 

 characters which assimilate them to Man more than to the succeed- 

 ing families. Their molar teeth also, like ours, have only blunt 

 tubercles, and they feed essentially on fruits ; but their canine teeth 

 passing beyond the others, supply them with an offensive weapon. 



which is wanting in our species, and requires a vacant space in the 

 opposite jaw to receive the projecting canine, when the mouth is 

 shut. 



Buffon subdivided the Apes into five tribes : 1. Les Singes pro- 

 pres, without tails ; 2. Papions, with a short tail ; 3. Guenons, 

 with a long tail, and callosities on the buttocks ; 4. Sapajous, with 



* Ann. Mus. — Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, par les Professeurs de cet etablissement, Paris, 1802-1813, By the terms Geoff. Ann. Mus. we quote the 

 several memoirs by M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire in the distinguished work just mentioned. 



* Temm. Mon. Mam, — Monograpbies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de Mammiferes, dont les especes ont ete observees dant les differens Musees de 

 I'Europe, Paris, 1827 et seq. 



' Ham. Smith, Stn. — Synopsis of the species of the class Mammalia, by Major Charles Hamilton Smith, forming vol. V. of Griff. Anim. King., London, 1827, 



* Voigt, Thiebe — Das Thierreich, -vom Baron von Cuvier, von F. S. Voigt, Leipzig, 1831. 



* Illig, Pkode, — Caroli lUigeri, Prodrotnus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, Berolini, 1811. 



« Schinz, Thiekk. — Das Thierreich, von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier, aus dem Fianzosischen von H, R. Schinz, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1821. 

 ' Shaw, Ges. Zool General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History, by George Shaw, M.D , London, 1800 et seq. 



