THE SOLEMN-APES. 



159 



uninterrupted course of spacious compartments, tied by smidl muscular 

 fibres, wliicli gradually lose themselves transversely between the muscular 



bands. 



Other species of Semnopithecus have more recently been dissected by 

 Professor Duvernoy of Strasbourg, who finds their stomachs equally 

 voluminous and remarkable in their form, though slightly different from 

 those already described. 



These animals are said to feed chiefly on leaves ; a kind of provision for 

 which the structure of their stomach appears specially adapted, in some 

 respects approaching to that observed in the Ruminantia. Their cheek- 

 pouches are so small, that they can^hardly be said to exist. 



1. SEMNOPITHECUS NEMjEUS.— COCHIN-CHINA SOLEMN- 

 APE. 



Sy- 



Icon. 



Le Douc. — Cuv. Reg. Anira. I. p. 93. 

 Pygathbix Nemxus. — Geoft'. Ann. Miis. XIX. 



Lasiopvg.a. NEM.EUS IHig. Prodr. — Destn. Mam. 



SiMIA Nem^ds. — Linn. Gmel. I. 34. 



Semnopithecus Nem^eus. — F. Cuv. Mam. — Geoff. Cours. — Isid. Geoff, 

 in Belang. Voy. 



Cochin-China BIonkey Penn. Quadr.— Shaw, Gen. Znol. 



Le Douc. — Audeb. Sing. 



Douc femelle. — F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. 



Buff. Hist. Nat. XIV. pi. 41. 



SPECIFIC CHARACTEUS. 



The Hair of the body, upper parts of the head and arms, of a slate- 

 grey, faintly dotted with black ; the fore-arms, throat, tail, and a triangu- 

 lar space on the rump, pure white ; the thighs, fingers, and backs of 

 the hands, black ; the thiglis and tarsi of a bright red ; the face light 

 orange ; a red and black collar more or less complete round the neck ; 

 tufts of yellowish or whitish hairs on the cheeks. 



Inhabits Cochin-China. 



This species, known long previously to any of the remainder, is 

 remarkable for the bright and varied colours of its hair. 



M. Diard brought several specimens from Cochin-China to Europe, of 

 different ages and sexes, thereby proving that they do not undcrsro any 

 considerable variation, and at the same time correcting the error of Buffon 

 and Daubenton, who refused callosities to this species.' The length of 

 the adult is about two feet three inches, exclusive of the tail ; but un- 

 fortunately we are as yet wholly unacquainted with its liahits and man- 

 ners. 



2. SE.MNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS.— ENTELLUS SOLEMN-APE. 



Si/n. L'Entelle Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. p. 94. 



Cercopithecus Enteli.its Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX Desm. Mam. 



Semnopithecus Entellus. — F. Cuv. .Mam.— Geoff. Cours Isid. Geoff. 



in Belang. Voy. 

 Simia Entellus. — Dufresne, in Bulletin de la Societe Fbilomatique for 

 1797. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 

 Icon. L*EntcI]e (young) — Audeb. Sing. 



Entelle male (young) L'Entelle vieux (adult). — F. Cuv. et Geoff. 



Hist. Mam. 



specific characters. 



the adult. 

 Hair of the body yellowish-grey, mixed with black hairs on the 

 back and limbs ; straw-yellow, approaching to orange, on the sides ; black 

 hairs on the "Eyebrows directed prominently forwards ; the tail almost 

 black. 



THE YOUNG. 



Hair of the body nearly white, interspersed with black and yellowish 

 hairs ; a white beard directed forwards. 



The Face and Hands naked. The Skin blueish-black. 

 Inhabits Hindoostan. 



This species, along with some others, is especially venerated in 

 the religion of the Brahmins. 



It bears with them the name of Houlman, and holds a very respect- 

 able place among at least thirty thousand divinities. Towards the end of 

 the wet season it becomes very plentiful in Bengal. The pious votaries 

 of Bramah permit their gardens to be wasted, and their tables stripped 



before their eyes, by heids of Entellus Monkeys, while the visits of the lat- 

 ter, though doubtless inconvenient, are always regarded as a great honour. 

 " From the respect in which the Entellus Monkeys are held by the natives, 

 it appears that, whatever ravages they may commit, the latter dare not 

 venture to destroy them, and only endeavour to scare them away by their 

 cries. Emboldened by this impunity, the Monkeys come down from the 

 woods in large herds, and take possession of the produce of the husband- 

 man's toil with as little ceremony as though it had been collected for their 

 use ; for, with a degree of taste which does them credit, they prefer the 

 cultivated fruits of the orchard to the wild ones of their native forests. 

 Figs, cocoa-nuts, apples, pears, and even cabbages and potatoes, form 

 their favourite spoil. The numbers in which they assemble render it im- 

 possible for the suflferer to drive them away without some more efficient 

 means than he is willing to employ."^ 



It will be observed, that a considerable diff'erence exists between the 

 young and the adult in the colour of the hair. In addition to the variations 

 already noticed, the cranium undergoes considerable depression with in- 

 creasing years ; it ceases to have any forehead, and the profile view ex- 

 hibits merely the arc of a large circle, so greatly do its cerebral contents 

 diminish. These organic changes are followed by a corresponding varia- 

 tion in the intellectual character. The young Entellus exhibits an aston- 

 ishing degree of penetration in perceiving the qualities of objects, a great 

 susceptibility to kind usage, and an invincible propensity to obtain by cun- 

 ning whatever he is unable to acquire by force. In the adillt mildness 

 and apathy resume the place of his former intelligence. The old Entel- 

 lus is fond of solitude, slow in his movements, alike incapable either of 

 planning or executing any device to obtain his object. 



The Entellus Solemn-. \pe, as well as the Simpai (3) and the Negro 

 (5), possesses a sub-guttural pouch, which communicates with the 

 larynx. Its cheek-pouches, if not altogether wanting, are at least very 

 slightly developed. The coecum is long and capacious; the liver com- 

 posed of unequal lubes ; the right lung has four lobes, while the left has 

 only three. Owing to the great length of its limbs, and especially of the 

 hinder, and the general proportions of the body, it appear^ well adapted 

 for making prodigious leaps. 



The specimen brought by Thunberg died on its passage homewards, 

 and those lately in the Paris and London Zoological Gardens being un- 

 able to endure the rigour of our climate, have not long survived. 



3. SEM.NOPITHECUS MELALOPHUS.— SIMPAI SOLEMN-APE. 



Syn. Le Cr.MEPAYE. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 94. 



SlMIA MELALOPHOS (SiMPAi). — Raffles, in Linn. Trans. XIII. 245 



Fisch. Syn. Mam. 



Semnopithecus melalophus. — Desm. Mam. Suppl. 

 Icon. Cimepaye (young). — F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. 



SPixiFic characters. 



The Hair of a very bright reddish-brown above; whitish beneath; 

 a crest with black hairs intermi-xcd on the upper and hinder parts of the 

 head. 



The Face and Ears bluei^h. The Hands black. 



Inhabits Sumatra. 



The Solemn- Ape, called Simpai by the Malays, from its crv, was first 

 described by our distinguished countryman Sir Thomas S. Raffles, from 

 specimens procured for him in the woods near Bencoolen by MM. DiarU 

 and Duvaucel. It is not less remarkable for its colours than for the pe- 

 culiar shape of the face. The hair is very long, silky, and of a brilliant 

 reddish-brown on the back, sides, neck, tail, the outer surfaces of its limbs, 

 the backs of the hands, the forehead, and cheeks. The chest, abdomen, 

 and the inner surfaces of the limbs, are whitish ; a circle, or rather a crest, 

 of black hairs intermixed with brown cover the upper and hinder parts of 

 the head, and a few scattered black hairs may also be seen along the back 

 and upon the shoulders. The face is blueish as low as the upper lip ; 

 both lips and chin are flesh-coloured. The eyes are brown, the ears 

 blueish, like the face ; the hands are black beneath, and so are the callo- 

 sities. The hairs of the cheeks, directed backwards, form cheek-tufts ; 

 the abdomen is almost naked ; and the hair on the inner surfaces of the 

 limbs is verj' scanty when compared with that on the remainder of the 

 body. The length of the animal, exclusive of the tail, is about one foot 

 seven inches, and the tail is long and tapering, exceeding thirty inches. 

 The line of the face may be noticed as singularly straight and perpendi- 

 cular, at least in the young. 



The genus Lasioptga (from 'Ka.moi. lasios, hainj, and ■jrvyf,, r^o^' <""«) was instituted by Illiger, to contain the Cochin-China Solemr-Ape, which BufFon hadstatvcl 

 to be destitute of callosities, from the examination of a specimen altered in the stulfing. M. Diard having sent several Coc-hin-Cliina Apes to the Natural History Muscui.i 



of Paris, It is now certain that they have callosities. Hence the genus Lasiopyga of Illiger, founded upon this error, must be suppressed Note of the Bur.m Ciivier. 



Ihe above observation applies equally to the genus Pvgathkix of Genffroy ( .\nn. Mus.) Sir William Jardine preserves the fictitious genus Lasiopyga throughout W'f 

 volume on the .'Monkeys in the Naturalist's Library, published in 1B33 ; the error had, however, been corrected by Fred. Cuvicr (Hist. Mam. art. Douc.) as early as 162j, 

 and again ijoticed by the Baron Cuvicr in the Second Edition of the Rigne Animal, which appeared in 1829. 



E. T. Bennett after Thunberg (Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, Upsal, 1793), and Wolf (Residence in Ceylon, Berlin, 1782). 



