168 



ORDER QUADRUMANA. 



The Face black. The Undeb-jaw bright red. 



The Tail very short and slender; bright red near the base. 



THE FEMALE AND YOUNG. 



The Ha'R greenish-grey above ; white beneath, on the lower jaw, and 

 on the side of the head; cheek-tufts brownish. The Face black. 



The Tatl very short and slender, greyish-white. 



Inhabits Africa. 



Tliis animal was first described by M. Fred. Cuvier, who has given us 

 a very complete account of the species in all the difFtrent stages of its 

 growth. It bears many points of resemblance to the Variegated Baboon 

 already described, and seems to share the same propensities. The upper 

 parts of the body are, however, of a deeper green, and there is more white 

 on the other parts. It wants the deep blue stripes upon the face, as well 

 as the scarlet and violet-blue colouring of the buttocks. 



DO0BTFDL species. 



1. The Crested Baboon (Simia cristata of Fisch.), from Africa, is 

 described by Pennant (Quadr. No- 101) from a faded specimen in the 



Leverian Museum. Shaw (Zool. I. p. 26) copies Pennant's description, 

 but erroneously assigns it to India. 



2. The Long-nosed Monkey (Penn. Quadr. No. Ill), the Guenon 

 a museau alonge of Buff. Hist. Nat. Suppl. VII., and the Simia nasuta 

 of Shaw, is probably identical with the Chacma Baboon already described. 

 Also, the Prude Monkey of Penn. Quadr. No. 111. 



3. The Wood Baboon, Cinereous Baboon, and Yellow Baboon 

 (Penn. Quadr. Nos. 95, 96, and 97), are identical either with Cynoce- 

 phalus mormon, or C. Leucophaeus. As to which of these should claim 

 the preference, it is impossible to decide, for the bright colours of the 

 Mandrills fade after death, and Pennant's descriptions are merely derived 

 from skins belonging to the Leverian Museum. 



imaginary species. 



1. Le Babodin chevelu (Papio comatus), Geoflf. Ann. Mus. XIX. is 

 identical with Cynocephalus porcarius. 



To these we shall add, 



2. The Little Baboon of Pennant, Simia Apedia (Linn. Gmel. I. 28), 

 which is probably the young of some species of Macacus. 



ADDITION TO 



GENUS L PITHECUS.— MEN-OF-THE-WOODS. 



(See pages 147—149.) 



Before concluding the: Natural History of the Apes of the Old Conti- 

 nent, it will be necessary briefly to notice the important acquisition made 

 to Zoological science by the recent discovery of the adult Orang-Outang,' 

 as well as the highly probable existence of two species of Pithecus in the 

 Island of Sumatra. 



1. PITHECUS SATYRUS.— ORANG-OUTANG. 



THE ADULT. 



Add. Syjt. Orang de Wubme Geoff. Cours. d'Hist. Nat. 1" hg. 31. 



Icon. Temm. Men. Mam. II. pi. 41 (old male).— PI. 42 (old female) 



PI. 43 (views of the head).— PI. 44 (young).— PI. 45 and 46 

 (skeleton). 



specific characters. 



THE adult male AND FEMALE. 



The Muzzle very prominent ; a large protuberance on each cheek, in 

 the male only. The Forehead much depressed. 



The Pectoral Limbs very long, reaching as low as the ancles. 



The External Ear, Eyes, Mouth, and Nose, small. 



The Hands narrow, the Fingers long ; the Thumbs of the hinder- 

 hands most commonly without nails. 



The Tail, Cheek-pouches, and Callosities, all wanting. 



The Hair long and scanty, of a deep chestnut brown ; a long and 

 pointed beard, yellowish-red, in the male only ; the eyelashes wanting. 



the young. 



The Muzzle prominent ; no protuberance on the cheeks. The Fore- 

 head elevated. The Hair of the same colour as the adult ; no beard ; 

 otherwise resembling the adult- 



Inhabits Borneo and Sumatra. 



The adult Orang- Outang, which is dow ascertained to be identical with 

 the Pongo of the Baron Van Wurmb, is the largest of all known quadru- 

 manous animals, approaching very nearly to Man in stature. An old 

 male in the possession of M. Temminck is above four feet three inches 

 in height ; but one in the possession of the Dutch Scientific Expedition, 

 established .it Banjarmassing, in the Island of Borneo, has attained the 

 extraordinary stature of five feet seven inches. The head of the adult 

 male is of singular dimensions ; the cheeks are prolonged laterally, and 

 bear a very prominent swelling on each side, in the form of a crescent. 

 These fleshy protuberances give a deformed appearance to his face, while 

 the excessive prolongation of the muzzle, and thickness of the lips, above 

 which its very diminutive nose appears engrafted, combine in rendering 

 its countenance one of the most hideous in the entire range of the Ani- 

 mal Kingdom. Its protuberances are nearly six inches in length, and 

 about two inches in thickness. They resemble those excrescences which 

 are found in certain species of Hogs, and in all the known species of Pha- 

 cochoerus ; their texture consists of an adipose substance, hard to the 

 touch, disposed in a very abundant cellular tissue. Nothing is yet known 

 of the functions to which this peculiar organization may be subservient. 

 It is only developed in the male, when very nearly adult, probably about 



the age of eight or ten years, and there is no appearance of it in the fe- 

 males. 



The forehead of the adult male is almost wholly naked. The orbits 

 are prominent, the eyes one-third smaller than those of Man. It has no 

 eyelashes, but its diminutive eyelids are surrounded by a few stiff hairs. 

 The nose is depressed, blending into the growth on the cheeks, and pro- 

 jecting only at the point, on the sides of which the nostrils open. These 

 are separated by a partition, extending beyond their lower margin, and 

 blending into the thick upper lip ; the latter, as well as the lower lip, is 

 very thick and fleshy. The lower jaw terminates in a very broad chin, 

 truncated, and projecting beyond the upper jaw; it bears in the male a 

 long and pointed beard. The mouth is a horizontal cleft, very small in 

 proportion to the height of the animal. All these parts are nearly desti- 

 tute of hair, excepting a few scattered ones, of a yellowish-red, on the 

 temporal ridges. The lateral parts of the lips are supplied with a kind 

 of moustachio, arising at the angles of the nose, and extending to the 

 angle of the mouth. The ears are small, and formed like those of Man, 

 with a fixed lobe. The hinder part of the head is of a roundish form ; 

 all the hairs with which it is covered proceed from a common centre, and 

 are disposed in rays ; the vertex stretching far behind terminates in a de- 

 pressed occiput. 



All parts of the trunk are heavy, massive, and destitute of elegance, 

 owing to the extreme size of the haunches and the volume of the abdo- 

 men. The breast is almost naked; the hairs become more abundant 

 along the sternum to the abdomen, where they are neither so long nor 

 dense as to cover the skin, which may be perceived throughout. The 

 back as far as the haunches is still less hairy, but the sides of the body 

 are abundantly supplied with long hairs, which fall down upon those with 

 which the legs are covered. The fore-limbs are very considerably longer 

 than the hinder ; they nearly touch the ground, when the animal stands 

 erect ;'and the fore-arm especially is of considerable length. These parts are 

 very hairy, but less so towards the hands and fingers, where they are very 

 short. All the hairs of the fore-arm point towards the elbow, where they 

 unite with those of the humerus, and end in a point. The fingers, as well 

 as the metacarpus and metatarsus, are much longer than those of Man, 

 and hence the thumb is placed at a considerable distance behind. The 

 hinder-thumbs are rather short, perfectly opposable to the other fingers, 

 and forming, with the index of the hinder-hands, a semicircle. This or- 

 ganization plainly indicates that the Orang-Outang is not adapted for 

 walking on two feet, but that it is wholly organized for climbing trees. Its 

 movements on the ground are constrained, either when erect or on all the 

 four hands. 



M. Temminck has examined six individuals of different ages killed in 

 the wild state, without being able to find the slightest indication of a nail 

 upon the thumb of the hinder feet, and the skin covering the last phalanx 

 of the thumb is not even harder than in any other place. A seventh 

 specimen, wliich lived for several years in captivity, had the thumb of the 

 right hinder- hand without a nail, but a perfect nail appeared upon the 

 left. Two other skeletons, in the collection of the King of Holland, had 

 nails on all their thumbs, and these also died in captivity. The much 

 agitated question may therefore be fairly considered as decided, and the 

 thumbs of the hinder-hands are wanting in the normal state of the Orang- 

 Outang. All the other fingers are furnished with black nails, longer and 

 more curved than those of Man. The same relative length prevails 



1 Our account i f the Orang-Outang was m-itten in June 1838, and we have now (Oct. 1838) just receiyed the excellent description of JI. Temminck, with lithograplic 

 views of the adult. 



