176 



ORDER aUADRUMANA GENUS CEBUS. 



erect upon their hinder hands. Spix, having found them in Brazil, adds, 

 that tliey liave a harsli, disagreeable voice, and that they are very gluttonous, 

 for wliich he gives them the nameof Gastrimargus; but the rule of priority 

 warrants us in preferring the name given by Geoifroy. 



1. LAGOTHRIX CANUS.— GREENISH GLUTTONOUS MONKEY. 



Spi- Le Grison Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 101. 



Lagothrix CANUS Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mara. 



SimA CANA. — Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 354. 

 Icon. Gastkimakgus olivaceus.' — Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. pi. 28. 



SPECIFIC characters. 



The Hair grey olive above ; black or dark brown beneath ; very black 

 and frizzled on the head. The Face and Hands black. 

 Inhabits the banks of the Amazon. 



These animals are known to the Brazilians by the name of Barigudos, 

 from their singular gluttony. They acquire a great size, and were found 

 in troops, occupying the highest trees in the neighbourhood of the great 

 river Solimoens. Wlien once tamed, they become very familiar, and, ap- 

 proaching the dinner table, sit down patiently on their haunches, waiting 

 for boiled meat or oranges, of which they are very fond, though the latter 

 often prove fatal to them. One specimen was brought over as far as the 

 Azores, but died there from the cold. Towards the month of November, 

 they are seen in great numbers carr3'ing their young ones on the back or 

 beliy. 



This species is olive-coloured throughout, and greatly resembles a Negro 

 in the face, by the dark, short, thick, and woolly hair of the head ; by its 

 hue, which is very black ; by the remarkable whiteness of the teeth, and 

 its flat, short, and depressed nose. Its hair is extremely short and thick ; 

 grey olive above, and black or dark brown beneath ; on the head, on all 

 the hands, the inner surfaces of the limbs, and beneath the tail, it is en- 

 tirely black ; each hair on the back is of a dirty white, annulated with 

 light yellowish -grey, pointed with black. The tail is longer than the 

 body, very strong, hairy, and naked beneath for about a quarter of its 

 length from the point. The hair under the body is rather black. 

 The face is somewhat square, and the parts round the eyes are naked. 

 Before the ears and behind the cheeks, the hair is turned back so as to 

 form a kind of dark cowl. The ears are extremely short, truncated, and 

 covered with slightly brown hairs. The incisive teeth are almost 

 square; the canines are strong; the anterior hands slightly elongated; 

 the nails black or grey, long, nearly triangular, and slightly curved ; those 

 on the thucnbs of the hinder-hands are almost flat. 



The female and young are distinguished by having the cowl not so black 

 as in the male. 



2. LAGOTHRIX HUMBOLDTII HUMBOLDT'S GLUTTONOUS- 

 MONKEY. 



Syn. Le Caparo. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 101. 



LAGOTHRIX HuMBOLDTii. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mam. 



Simia lagothricha (Caparro) Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 321 and 354. 



Icon. Gastrimargus iNFUMATus (fern.) Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. pi. 29. 



specific characters. 



The Hair deep brown, tipped with black. 



The Face and Hands black. 



Inhabits the banks of the Rio Guaviare and Rio Iga. 



Though greatly resembling the preceding species in many respects, this 

 animal may at once be distinguished by its neck and body beinc more 

 slender. Its face is not so square, nor its lower canines so Ion". The 

 head and entire body are of a deep brown, approaching in many places 

 to black, especially on the breast and hands. All the hairs of the 

 body are directed backwards, and are mostly black on their points. 

 The cowl on the head nearly resembles that of the species just described 

 All the nails are black, triangular, and shorter than in the former; that of 

 the longest finger of the fore-hand is not compressed. 



Some of the females have the back and head of a paler brown, ap- 

 proaching to grey ; sometimes the hair becomes wholly white, with the 

 points black, so as to produce the effect of a uniform grey. 



imaginary species. 

 1. Lagothrix infomatus (Le Lagothriche enfumee) of Isid, Geoflfroy, 

 Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. art. Sapajou, founded upon the Gastrimargus in- 

 fnmatus of Spix, is absolutely identical with Humboldt's Gluttonous 

 Monkey, on the authority of Temminck (Mon. Mam.) 



GENUS V. CEBUS.— WEEPERS. 



Syn. Les Autres Sapajous Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 102. 



Ceeus (Sajou). — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX Desm. Mam. 



Cebus (in part) Erxl. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 



Simia (in part). — Linn. Gmel. I. 



generic characters. 



The Head round. The Muzzle short. The Forehead slightly pro- 

 jecting. The Facial Angle about 60°. 

 The Body and Limbs medium size. 

 The Tail prehensile, and entirely covered with hair. 

 The Hands pentadactylous. The Nails compressed. 

 Inhabit South America. 



The remaining Sapajoos have the head round, and the thumb 

 distinct, while at the same time the tail is wholly covered with hairs, 

 although it still continues to be prehensile. Their species are much 

 more numerous, and almost as difficult to characterize distinctly as 

 those of the Howlers. 



The Weeper Monkeys are of a mild disposition, their movements 

 quick and lively ; they are very readily tamed ; and it is from their 

 little fluted cry that they derive the name of Singes Pleureurs, or 

 Weepers. 



The genus Cebus appears to occupy the same station in the New 

 World as Cercopithecus does in the Old, each being in an eminent decree 

 the type of its tribe. All the animals belonging to this division come to 

 us from Guiana and Brazil, where they live in troops, on the elevated 

 branches of trees. They feed chiefly on fruits, but willingly devour Insects, 

 Mollusca, and Annelides, or even sometimes meat. They are believed to be 

 monogamous. The females usually produce a single young one at a time, 

 which they carry about with them on the back, and treat with the most 

 aff'ectionate attention. Many instances are known of their producim' in 

 confinement in Europe. Some of them are noticed by travellers under 

 the name of Singes musques, or Musky Monkeys, in consequence of the 

 strong odour of musk which they emit, especially during the rutting season. 

 They make their litde fluted cry on all ordinary occasions, but when agi- 

 tated by passion, whether jealousy, fear, or joy, their voice becomes strong, 

 approaching to a noisy bark. These animals are of great agility and in- 

 telligence, very quick, and always in motion, yet docile and easily edu- 

 cated. M. Isidore Geoflfroy noticed one individual, after many unsuc- 

 cessful attempts to break a nut, first with its teeth, and then on the wood 

 work ot its cage, e.xpertly making use of a bar of iron for that purpose. 

 They have not the same volatile character as the Guenons of Africa, but 

 resemble them in the indelicacy of their behaviour. They require to be 

 kept very warm in our climates, and are extremely liable to diseases of the 

 chest, when exposed to cold or moisture. These Monkeys are rather 

 common in most large cities. 



The limbs of the Cebus Monkeys are strong, powerful, and elonn-ated ; 

 consequently, they leap with remarkable agility. Their anterior thumbs are 

 rather short, not very free in their motions, and but slightly opposable to the 

 fingers, as is the case with the Howlers and Gluttonous Monkeys. Their 

 nails are cylindrical and somewhat flat : the tail is nearly the len"-th of the 

 body ; sometimes it is wholly covered with long hairs, at other ti.mes the 

 hairs on the terminal portion are excessively short, from its friction against 

 other bodies, but it never exhibits a true callosity. M. F. Cuvier notices 

 the existence of a slight callosity at the extremity of the tail of the Cebus 

 hypoleucus, but this is at variance with our observations upon an indivi- 

 dual of that species. The hyoid bone has its central portion enlar"ed, 

 but it does not appear externally ; the head is rather round, the face 

 broad and short, and the eyes very large and approximated to each other. 

 The opening of the nostrils is broad, but rather narrow from above down- 

 wards. The dentary margins are almost parallel to each jaw ; the molar 

 teeth of medium size, and six in number on each side of both jaws, as in 

 all the other Sapajoos. In one solitary instance M. Geoff'roy found seven 

 molars on each side of the upper jaw, in a very old individual of his Cebus 

 varicgatus, which we consider identical with C. xanthosternus of Prince 

 Maximilian. The incisive teeth are arranged almost in a straight line, the 

 first incisor being the larger in the upper jaw, while the second is the 

 larger in the lower; the canines are very strong in all old individuals. The 

 cerebral cavity is very voluminous ; it is broad, and at the same time 

 extends far from the back forwards ; the occipital hole is situate di- 

 rectly under the base of the skull. The tail, being entirely covered with 

 hair, is an organ of motion, but not of touch. The males have an 

 external scrotum, and the glans resembles an inverted^ pyramid, the base 

 being outermost. 



T1,„ ' tT^^Z^lV^C^ TT ^"f";'"^' Gastrimargus olivaceus of Spi:: is identical with LagoH,r« Humboldlii of Geoffroy, while G. infumatus is the same as L. canus. 

 vvltrthl representation, of SpL "^""'1'°='='^' "' '° *>>« t^^'- 1' -""^l ""^ admitted, however, that the characters given by Geoifroy do not correspond very accurately 



