182 



ORDER QUADRUMANA— GENUS PITHECIA. 



8. CALLITHEIX DONACOPHILA — D'ORBIGNY'S SQUIRREL- 

 MONKEY. 



Syn. et Icon. Callitiihix donacophilus. — D'Orb. Voy. pi. 6 (Mammiferes). 



SPECIFIC OIAUACTEnS. 



The Hair of a uniform greyish-brown, interspersed with white. 



The Face and Hands bluish-grey. 



IsHAEirs South America. 



A figure of this animal is given in D'Orbigny's Voyage, now in course 

 of publication ; but its description has not yet reached us. It appears to 

 be fond of climbing the elevated ree&s of those tropical regions. 



IMAGINARY SPECIES. 



C. NiGKiFRONS of Spix, is identical with C. personata. 

 C. CiNERASCENs of Spix, is the young of C. melanochir. 

 C. Amicta, and, 

 C. Lhgens, do not differ specifically from C. torquata. 



GENUS VII. PITHECIA.— FOX-TAILS. 



Syn. PiTHFCiA (Schweif Affe) — lUig. Prodr — Kubl, Beitr.— (Saki) Destn. 

 Mara. — Geoff. Ann. BIus. XIX. 

 SiMiA (in part). — Linn. Gmel. I. — Humb. Obs. Zool. 

 Ceeus (in part) — Ersl. 

 BnACHYUftus (in part). — Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. 



GENERIC CHARACTERS. 



The Head round. The MnzzLE short. The Facial Angle about 60°. 



The Eyes and Ears resembhng those of Man. 



The Canine Teeth powerful, and projecting forwards. 



The Body and Limbs medium size. Habits diurnal or crepuscular. 



The Tail usually long, and plentifully covered with long hairs. 



The Nails short and curved. 



Inhabits South America. 



Several of the Sagoins have the tail long and bushy, for which 

 Reason they may be called Fox-tailed Monkeys (Singes a queue de 

 renard), or briefly Fox-tails, and their teeth project forwards to a 

 greater degree than in the other Monkeys. The above are the 

 Pithecia of Desmarest and Illiger. One species, having the tail 

 less than the body, is separated by Spix from the remainder to 

 form his Genus Brachyurus. 



The Fox-tails are also designated Night Monkeys in Cayenne, but in- 

 accurately, as they are not really nocturnal but rather crepuscular, being 

 busily astir principally in the evenings and at early dawn. They have a 

 ceneral resemblance to the Sapajoos and the remaining Sagoins ; but are 

 distinguished from the former in not having the tail prehensile ; and from 

 the other genera of Sagoins, by the tail being supplied with long and 

 bushy hair. Another, and very marked essential character, consists in 

 the circumstance of their incisive teeth not preserving their parallelism 

 with the canines, but being crowded together as if forced forwards by the 

 great size of the canines. Their head is round, their muzzle short, and 

 the facial angle ranges from about 60° to 52°. The size of the ear is 

 moderate ; the nasal bones are elevated and extended; the tail is some- 

 wliat sliorter than the body ; the hands are pentadactylous, with short 

 and curved claws. 



Tliese animals usually reside in the depths of the forest, where they 

 conceal themselves or sleep during the day, so that their manners are not 

 well known. Their usual food is fruit and insects ; they collect in small 

 troops ; and the}' are often pursued by some of the larger Monkeys, who 

 seize their supplies, and beat them if they have the temerity to resist. 



I. PITHECIA LEUCOCEPHALA WHITE-HEADED 



FOX-TAIL. 



Syn. Le Yarke Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 10.3. 



Pithecia lel'cocephala Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mam (No. 



91).— Kuhl, Beitr. 

 SiMiA LEL'COCEPHALA (YARauii)- — Hiimb. Obs. Zool. p. 359. 

 PiTHF.CiA OCHROCEPHALA (var). — Kuhl, Beitr. — Desm. Mam. 

 Icon. L'Yakque.— Buff. Hist. Nat. XV. pi. 12 — Audeb. Sing.— Schreb. 

 Saiigth. pi. 32. 



SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 



The Hair brownish-black ; a broad yellowish-white circle round the 

 face ; no beard. 



The Face and Hands brown. 

 Inhabits Guiana. 



This species has very generally been confounded with the Red-breasted 

 Fox-tail (P. rufiventer), though it clearly differs in its markings, which, 

 according to Audebert, are very uniform. Its face is brown; the sides 

 of the head and neck are covered with a yellowish-white hair, short, and 

 cut, as it were, with scissors ; the body generally is brownish-black, 

 covered with bushy hair, about four inches long. This remark applies 

 also to the tail, wliich is nearly of the same length as the body ; on the 

 extremities the hair is short ; the colour brown. 



This is a rare species, frequenting the thickets of Guiana and Surinam. 

 Its habits require further elucidation. De la Borde states that this ani- 

 mal goes in troops, consisting of from half-a-dozen to a dozen ; whilst 

 Stedman notices that it is the only species of Monkey which is not soci- 

 able, being always found solitary. He also remarks that it is generally 

 persecuted by its congeners, who never fail to attack, and rob it of its 

 stores. It feeds upon honey, rice, and the other grains used by Man. 

 The female has usually only one at a birth, which for a time it carries on 

 its back. Its cry is said to resemble that of the Weepers. 



Sometimes these animals are found with the hair surrounding the face 

 of a bright yellow-ochre tint (P. Ochrocephala of Kuhl and others), a 

 variation in all probability belonging to the female or young. 



2. PITHECIA HIRSUTA.— URSINE FOX-TAIL. 



Syn. Le Saki oris — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 103. 



Icon. Pithecia masDTA (mas.) — Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. pl. 9. 



specific characters. 



The Hair greyish-black, very long and curly ; yellowish on the hands ; 

 no beard. 



The Face dusky. The Hands yellow. 



Inhabits the banks of the Rio Sohmoens and Rio Negro. 



The Ursine Fox-tail was introduced to notice by Spix ; and no addi- 

 tional information has hitherto been supplied. This, however, is the 

 less to be regretted, as the statements of the above named Naturalist are 

 both minute and interesting. 



The native name of all these well-clad Monkeys is Paraoua. Their 

 coat in a remarkable degree resembles that of the Bear. At morning and 

 evening they issue from the forests, collect in great numbers, and cause 

 the air to resound with their piercing cries. They are ever watchful and 

 alert, so that they cannot be caught without much trouble. On the 

 slightest noise they retreat with the greatest rapidity, and plunge into the 

 depths of the forests. At the same time, when once tamed and domes- 

 ticated, they become exceedingly fond of their master ; they retreat to 

 him when alarmed, and rejoice to become his companion, especially at 

 meal-time. 



The fur on the body and tails of these Monkeys is very bushy and 

 even frizzled. The species on which we are now dwelling, and to which 

 the Indians give the name of the Great Paraoua, to distinguish it from a 

 smaller, is greyish-black. Its hair is about three inches long, crisp, here 

 and there grizzly, occasionally of a light brown hue. On the back of the 

 head it is peculiarly long, and has been compared to a hood. The hands 

 and feet are nearly devoid of hair, and of a light flesh colour ; the neck, 

 too, is nearly naked. The tail is as long as the body. The young ones 

 are of the same colour with the full-grown animals. 



3. PITHECIA SATANAS BLACK FOX-TAIL. 



Syn. Le Saki nOir. — Cut. Reg. Anim. I. 103. 



SiMiA Satanas (Couxio). — Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 315 and 358. 

 Ceeus Satanas. — Hoffm. in Mag. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freund. X. 



Pithecia Satanas Geoff. Ann. Mus. XIX. — Desm. Mam. No. 84. 



—Kuhl, Beitr. 

 Icon. Humb. Obs. Zool. pl. 27. 



Bbachyurus Israeliia, mas. (young). — Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras, 

 pl. 7. 



specific characters, 

 the adult. 

 The Haip. dusky black ; scanty beneath ; a very long beard. 



the yodng. 

 The Hair vellowish-brown ; dusky black on the head and tail ; the 

 beard short. 



The Face and Hands reddish-grey. 



Inhabits Para, Rio Negro, and the Orinoco. 



For our acquaintance with this Monkey, we are indebted to the liber- 

 ality of the Count of Hoffmannsegg, who dispatched the Naturalist Sieber 

 to Brazil, and, among other newly discovered animals, received from him 

 a specimen of this species at Berhn. The face and all the hands are of a 

 reddish-grey colour, and naked ; the mouth is large. The whole of the 

 rest of the body is covered with long coarse hair of a deep brownish-black 

 in the male, and of a yellowish-brown in the female. 



