MACROGLOSSUS— HARPYIA. 



13 



GENUS III. MACROGLOSSUS— GREAT-TONGUED 

 ROUSSETTES. 



Syn. Fterofus, (in part.) — Temm. Mori. I. 191 — Macroglosse. — F. Cuv. 



in Dents des Mamm. p. 40 MACROGLOSSUS Isid. Geoff, in Diet. 



Class. XIV. 705 — Macrogi.ossa Less. Mam. p. 115 Gray, in 



Mag. Zool. et Bot. p. 504 



GENERIC characters. 



The Head elongated. The Muzzle slender, almost cylindrical. 



The Tongue long, slender, and exsertile. 



The Alar Membranes arising from the sides of the back. 



The Dental Formula T + C + < F + 4 > M = l 6 = 34 

 I2+C+ (F+5 M 18 



Inhabits the East Indian Archipelago. 



The Genus Macroglossus constitutes the third of the Frugivorous Chi- 

 roptera. The generic distinction consists not solely in the prolongation of 

 the muzzle, or maxillary bones, but also in the peculiar form of the in- 

 termaxillary, which is not in them, as in most animals, a part of a circle 

 more or less prominent, and projecting no farther than the canines, as 

 in the Pachysoma and the Harpies, but in this genus forms an obtuse cone, 

 for the support of the muzzle, contributing to its prolonged form. This 

 prolongation varies not so much among individuals of different ages, as 

 according to the localities in which the animals have lived. Thus, those 

 from Sumatra have an exceedingly long snout ; and those from Java have 

 a somewhat shorter one than those from Timor ; that of the Amboyna 

 animals is remarkably short, compared with those from Sumatra ; whilst, 

 in specimens from Celebes, the muzzle is much more slender, and a little 

 longer than those from Amboyna. The local difference is great, but seems 

 to depend solely upon the different lengths of the muzzle. 



1. MACROGLOSSUS MINIMUS KIODOTE OR GREAT- 

 TONGUED ROUSSETTE. 



Syn. Pteropus minimus, (La Roussette Kiodote.)-— Geoff. Ann. Mus. XV. 



97. — Temm. Mon. Mam. I. 191 Desm. Mam. Suppl. 



Macroglossus minimus.— F. Cuv. in Dents Mam.— Isid. Geoff, in Diet. 

 Class. 



Macroglossa kiodotes et M. Horsfieldii Less. Mam. 115. 



Icon. Kiodote — F. Cuv. et Geoff. Hist. Mam. 



Pteropus rostratus -Horsf. Jav. 



Temm. Mon. Mam. I. pi. 15, fig. 25 to 30, (crania and teeth,) pi. 16, 

 fig. 1, 2, (skeleton.) 



specific characters. 



The Hair light red, tinted with yellow above ; light russet beneath. 

 The Interfemoral Membrane very narrow, covered with hair above. 

 | The Tail rudimentary. 



Inhabits the East Indian Archipelago. 



This long-muzzled Bat was first discovered by M. Leschenault, in Java, 

 who called it Kiodote, supposing this to be the name applied to it by the 

 natives. From M. Leschenault's notes, M. Geoffroy published a descrip- 

 tion in the year 1810, and Dr Horsfield gave another from the examina- 

 tion of several specimens, in his Zoological Researches, in 1824. He 

 seems to have regarded it an undescribed species ; and states that by the 

 Javanese it is called Lowo-Assu, literally Dog-Bat. It was M. F. Cuvier 

 who proposed to arrange it in a distinct genus, and for the following rea- 

 sons, which appear perfectly satisfactory. 



It may be distinguished at first glance, not only from the Roussettes, but 

 from every other kind of Bats, by its very prolonged and slender muzzle, 

 which is also cylindrical and pointed, somewhat like that of the Ant-eaters. 

 The tongue also is cylindrical, long, and extensible, conforming to the 

 shape of the snout." Finally, the teeth exhibit equally remarkable charac- 

 ters ; for, notwithstanding the elongation of the muzzle, their number is 

 not augmented, and, what is remarkable, they are likewise of smaller di- 

 mensions. The whole of the jaw, moreover, is not supplied with teeth, 

 especially the lower one, where a wide interval exists between the incisors 

 of the right and left sides; another is found behind the first and second 

 molar, and a third behind the last molar. 



To these more specific characters we have still to add, that the inter- 

 femoral membrane is very narrow, extending, however, from the feet to 

 the coccyx, where it encounters the slender rudiments of a tail. The lower 

 jaw is placed at an acute angle, and projects beyond the upper one : 

 it is more slender than in any other species. The fur is short, close, and 

 somewhat woolly. All the upper parts of the body are of a light red, 

 somewhat tinted with yellow towards the root of the hairs. The under 

 parts are of a light russet hue. The interfemoral membrane is clad above, 

 and the hairs extend beyond the membrane ; the whole cutaneous system 

 is of reddish hue. 



VOL. II. 



Dr Horsfield supplies the following information concerning the habits 

 of the Lowo-Assu : " It is far less abundant than the Kalong — (The 

 Edible Roussette, No. I. ;) but it still exists in sufficient numbers to com- 

 mit serious injury among the plantations and fruit trees. Like other 

 species of Pteropus, it feeds on fruits of every description, but particular- 

 ly infests the various species of Eugenia or Jambu, which are culti- 

 vated in gardens. During the day it remains suspended under branches 

 of trees, or retires under roofs of old houses and sheds. At night it 

 sallies forth, like the species Pteropus." 



It inhabits Java, Timor, and the surrounding islands. Its existence on 

 the Continent of India has not yet been proved. 



GENUS IV. HARPYIA— TUBE-NOSED ROUSSETTES. 



Syn. Cephalotes, (in part.) — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XV. 104. 

 Vespertilio, (in part.) — Linn. Gmel. I. 

 Harpyia Illig. Prodr. p. 1 18 Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 98. 



GENERIC CHARACTERS. 



The Head large and broad. The Muzzle thick and very short. The 

 Nose prolonged into two diverging tubes, round, cleft externally, and ter- 

 minated with a projecting margin. 

 ^ The Alar Membrane arising from the sides of the back. 



The Thumb partly covered by the membranes. The Index with a 

 third phalanx and claw. 



The Dental Formula — 



In the Old, »; l+C+ (F+ 3J_M = 12 =24 



I... C+(F+4) M 12 



In the Middle Age, 



1 + C+ (F+3) M^ 

 |l+C+(F+4)TM 14" 



J t "=i 2 =26 



Not well known in the Young. 

 Inhabits Amboyna. 



This genus is founded upon a single species, the Vespertilio Cephalotes 

 of Pallas, well described and delineated in all its details by the eminent 

 German Naturalist. Illiger, in his Prodromus, first constituted it into 

 the genus Harpyia. M. Geoffroy associated it with another of the 

 Chiroptera, described by Peron, classifying them under the genus Cephalo- 

 tes. M. Isidore Geoffroy, in his monograph of the Frugivorous Bats, in 

 1828, so often quoted above, demonstrated the necessity of separating the 

 so-named Cephalotes of Pallas from that of Peron, herein agreeing with 

 Illiger in un arrangement which is now very generally adopted. M. Isi- 

 dore Geoffroy applies the generic term Cephalotes to Pallas' species, and 

 proposes the name Hypoderma for that of Peron. We agree with Tem- 

 minck in thinking this innovation unnecessary, and therefore follow llli. 

 ger as to Pallas' species, and apply the term Cephalotes to another 

 group. 



The osseous cerebral covering of the Harpy Roussette is spheroidal and 

 very large ; the zygomatic arches are strong and much detached ; the 

 lower jaw is long, much rounded, very slender, and terminated by canines 

 curved forward, completely inclosing the small upper incisors of the in- 

 termaxillary bone. The fore-finger of this Bat has a claw upon it, exhibit- 

 ing in this particular a striking difference to the genus Cephalotes, which, 

 although it has the terminal phalanx, is destitute of the nail. It has also 

 thirteen pair of ribs, and not fourteen, as in this last named genus. The 

 tail is partly concealed in the interfemoral membrane, as in the succeeding 

 genus; but not to the same extent as in the preceding. The alar mem- 

 brane rises from the sides, and covers the whole of the metatarsal bones, 

 extending to the middle finger, into which it is fixed, covering the two 

 internal ones. The incisors, as they have been called, in the lower 

 jaw, have given rise to controversial remarks. In adopting the common 

 nomenclature, we follow the example of most Naturalists ; although M. 

 Geoffroy contends they are true canines, as Pallas had pointed out before. 

 It is quite true, that these teeth in this animal have the same direction 

 and form ; and M. Isidore Geoffroy has, moreover, remarked, that were 

 we to extract the so designated incisor of the Harpyia, and the canine of 

 the Pachysoma, the most experienced eye could not determine any dif- 

 ference between them. 



1. HARPYIA PALLASII PALLAS' TUBE-NOSED ROUSSETTE. 



Syn. Vespertilio cephalotes. — Linn. Gmel. I. p. 50. 



Cephalotes Pallasii Geoff. Ann. Mus. XV. 107 Desm. Mam. 



Harpyia Pallasii. — Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 101. 



Molucca Bat Penn. Quadr. II. No. 503 Shaw, Gen. Zool. I. 134. 



Icon. Vespertilio cephalotes Pall. Spicil. Zool. III. pi. I, (skelet. &c.,) 



pi. 2. — Copied in Schreb. Saiigth. pi. Q\. 



Harpyie de Pallas. — Temm. Mon. Mam. II. pi. 40, fig. 1 and 2, 



(cranium and teeth,) fig. 3, 4, and 5. 



Cephalote Buff. Hist. Nat. Suppl. III. pi. 25. 



D 



