30 



ORDER CHIROPTERA.— GENUS RHINOLOPHUS. 



in its medial line to the cartilages which form the nostrils, it becomes in 

 a measure a pair of auricles to these apertures, whose openings are late- 

 ral ; this fold is about half the breadth of the leaf properly so called. 



The ears are very large, and the portion which- is united over the 

 forehead exceeds that which is free above. The operculum consists of 

 two lobes, in the form of half a heart; the internal lobe is round at its 

 extremity, the external acute, and twice the length of the other. The 

 interfemoral membrane includes three tendons, which take their origin at 

 the coccyx, and run in a straight line, the lateral ones to the tarsi, and 

 the middle one to the external margin in the course of the mesial line. 

 These tendons appear useful in confining and folding the interfemoral 

 membrane when required. The fur is red above, and fawn coloured 

 below. 



3. MEGADERMA FRONS.— SMALL-EARED BROAD-WINGED 



BAT. 



Syn. La Feotlle — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 118 Buff. Hist. Nat. XIII. 



Megaderma Frons. — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XV. 198. 

 Lavia Fkons. — Gray, in Mag. Zool. et Bot. II. 

 Icon. Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX. pi. 1, (head.) 



SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 



The Vertical Nasal Appendage oval ; size, one-half of the au- 

 ricle. 



Inhabits Africa. 



This Bat, remarkable for the size of its nose-leaf, and described about 

 seventy years ago by the accurate Adanson, was long forgotten by Na- 

 turalists. M. Daubenton, in the Memoires de I'Acad. des Sciences, first 

 noticed it under the name of the Leafed-Bat. Its appendage is eight lines 

 high, and six broad, a great size in proportion to that of the animal, which 

 is only two inches and a quarter long from the tip of the snout to the 

 extremity of the body. The ears are about twice the size of the nose- 

 leaf, and these appendages are united above the forehead for half the 

 extent of their inner margin ; the operculum again is half the length of 

 the external ear, and very narrow and pointed towards the extremity. 

 The fur is of a beautiful ash-colour, having here and there shadings of a 

 delicate yellow tint. 



Adanson found it at Senegal ; it is also stated to ey.ist in Gambia and 

 Egypt. Mr Gray reports there is a specimen in the British Museum. 



IMAG1NAEY SPECIES. 



1. M. Tiufolium After the statements made p.bove, we need scarcely 



remark that this alleged species is to be regarded as identical with M. 

 Spasma. 



GENUS XIV. RHINOLOPHUS— HORSE-SHOE BATS. 



Syn. Les Rhinolophes. — Cuv. Reg. Anim. I. 118. 



Rhinolophus Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX. et al. 



Hipposideros et Ariteus Gray, in Mag. Zool. et Bot. II. 



Phyllorhina Bonap. 



Noctilio. — Kulil et Beehstein. 

 VespertiliO, (in part.) — Linn, et Erxl. 



GENERIC CHARACTERS. 



The Dental Formula 2 |^±I||+ 3 ^=li = 32 

 12+C-f (3 F+3)M 18 



nr „ 'll + C+(2F-4-3)M 



More generally MVfi „~ ' = 

 J I2+C-K2 F-f-3)M 



or, only 



14. 



:~=30 



16 



12 



•=ro= 28 



,g|l + C+(F+ 3)M 

 |2+C+(2F+3JM~ 



The Muzzle obtuse. The Mammae two, pectoral; two inguinal glands 

 not lactiferous. 



The Ears large, separated, without opercula. 



The Nose with complicated membranes. 



The Interfemoral Membrane entire. 



The Tail middle sized, included in the interfemoral membrane. 



Inhabit the Old World. 



The Rhinolophi, commonly called Horse-shoe Bats, (Fers-a-ehe- 

 val,) have the muzzle supplied with very complicated membranes 

 and crests, attached to the chanfrin, and presenting some resem- 

 blance to a Horse's shoe : the tail is long, and included in the inter- 

 femoral membrane. They have four incisors below, and two very- 

 small ones above, placed in the intermaxillary cartilage. Two of 

 the species, very common in France, were discovered by Dauben- 

 ton. 



The variations presented by the teeth of the animals composing this 

 genus have long been a cause of annoyance to Naturalists and confusion 

 in the Science, which M. Temminck has at last succeeded in removing 

 That distinguished Professor, as is well known, has long been engaged 

 with several monographs on various tribes of the animal series, amongst 

 others on these Bats ; and we avail ourselves of the present opportunity 

 to express our obligations to him, our admiration of his ardent zeal, 

 and the successful issue of his labours. Generally two incisors are 



found in the upper jaw, but sometimes there are none : they are 



connected with the intermaxillary cartilages, which again are connected 

 with the nasal cartilage ; they are obtuse, very small, sometimes scarcely 

 visible, and often fall out in advanced age. The lower incisors are some- 

 what crowded, and are either bi-lobed or tri-lobed. The canines have a 

 heel of very considerable size, which is developed with age, and yet does 

 not displace the incisors as we have previously seen in other genera. The 

 variation in the molars, which have three sharp cusps, is also remark- 

 able. Sometimes there are four in the upper jaw and five in the under; 

 and in this case there is no kind ofanormalor false grinder: — sometimes 

 again there are five above and five below ; and when this occurs, we find 

 an anormal tooth, not in the regular line of the teeth, placed externally 



upon the heel of the canine, and without any apparent use : finally, 



again, there are sometimes five teeth above and six below, and then there 

 is an additional false molar in the lower jaw. , Thus we explain how the 

 total number of teeth is twenty-eight, thirty, and more rarely thirty-two. 

 We have now in addition to notice, that the Rhinolophi are destitute 

 of an intermaxillary bone connected in the usual way with the maxil- 

 laries ; and this bone is replaced in those species which are furnished with 

 upper incisors, (as already stated respecting the Megadermata,) with two 

 small osseous lamina;, which are flat, very thin, diverging at their extre- 

 mities, and touching each other in the middle ; each of these small la- 

 mina; suspended in the nasal cattilage supports a tooth, not very firmly 

 attached to these moving lamina;, and falling out under the slightest vio- 

 lence. Notwithstanding this, however, they do not regularly disappear, 

 and when exposed to pressure they must yield and recoil, for the great 

 majority of this group are generally found with these teeth in the 

 adult state, and they are always in the young. Those species, again, 

 which altogether want these teeth, are found destitute of them at every 

 period of their existence, in consequence of the absence of the intermax- 

 illary lamina;, which are replaced by a simple cartilage. This singular 

 intermaxillary apparatus is put into action by sets of muscles, which 

 give to this genus, as we have already noticed in others, the power of 

 elevating or depressing the upper incisors ; thus exhibiting in these Mam- 

 malia an analogy with the peculiar formation which exists in numerous 

 Serpents. The posterior extremity of the nasal cartilage and the two bony 

 lami.iaeare suspended at the anterior extremity of the vomer ; and their 

 movements seem to depend upon the organ of smell, which is very de- 

 licate in these animals, and to which we shall presently revert. 



The Rhinolophi are quite destitute of the fibula, or smaller leg-bone ; 

 the tibia again is long and slender ; and they have no great toe, which, as 

 in the genus Dysopes, is separate and opposable to the others. The 

 radius is much bent, and the accompanying ulna is remarkably short and 

 rudimentar)'. The sternum is projecting, and its angle salient. As to the 

 phalanges of the toes, the index finger has but one, and the others have 

 two or three, the metacarpal bone being taken into account. The tail is 

 long, and wholly or partially embraced even to its last articulation by the-- 

 interfemoral membrane. 



For a long time doubts were entertained as to the use which was to he 

 ascribed to two abdominal papillary tubercles which were placed a little 

 above the pubis ; some authors believing they were a second pair of 

 true mamma;. Kuhl, in speaking of one of the species, mentions that 

 they had not appeared in the females of a year old, that they are 

 scarcely visible in those that are two years old, and that they are not 

 completely developed till the age of three. The same Naturalist also 

 demonstrated that these parts were not mamma; properly so called, be- 

 cause they did not terminate in glands which served for the secretion of 

 the milky fluid ; he affirmed, on the other hand, that they terminated 

 in the cavity of the pelvis. Curious to verify the observations made by 

 M. Kuhl, as well as by Beehstein and others, M. Temminck informs 

 us that he made minute investigations in half a dozen of species, and 

 the result satisfied him that these nipples in no degree subserve the func- 

 tion of lactation, but give issue only to an oily and fetid secretion, which 

 greatly increases the disagreeable odour which these animals exhale ; and 

 which confined to the males serves the same ends as the syphons or 

 odoriferous glands which are observed in many other geneia of the Chir- 

 optera. They are found in most of the Dysopes, and in many of the Fru- 

 givori, in some Phyllostomes, and in the species Speoris and nobitis of 

 our present genus. 



It has been stated that the ear of the Rhinolophi possesses nothing 

 which can supply the deficiency of the operculumor tragus ; an asser- 



