34 



ORDER CHIROPTERA— GENUS RHINOLOPHUS. 



tached to tlie edge of the cartilaginous laminae ; the under ones are tri- 

 lobed, and crowded : there is a blunt false molar in the upper jaw. 



The fur is bushy, coarse, and of many colours. On the upper parts 

 of the body the hairs are white at the base, then brown like a decayed 

 leaf, and light red at the point ; the back and neck are quite brown ; the 

 face and sides of the neck light brown , the chest is whitish, with a shade 

 of brown; the flanks are deep brown, and the middle of the abdomen 

 light brown ; the ears and nose-leaf are dark brown, and all the other 

 membranes Llackish-brown. 



This description of M. Temminck's is taken from the examination of 

 five individuals which MM. Macklot and Miiller procured during their 

 residence in the Moluccas. 



10. RHINOLOPHUS TRIFOLIATUS TREFOIL HORSE-SHOE 



BAT. 



Syn. Rhinolophus tjmfOLIatus Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 27. 



Icon. lb. — pi. 31. 



SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 



The Hair ash-red above; ash-brown beneath. 



The Nasal Appendage with three leaves, complicated, (see descrip- 

 tion.) 



The Ears broad, pointed, and much sloped ; the lobe one-half the 

 size of the concha. 



Inhabits Java. 



The discovery of this singular species was made by the Dutch travel- 

 ler Van Hasselt in one of his peregrinations in the wild district of Ban- 

 tam, where he found two individuals suspended in a large tree in the 

 depths of the forest. The native inhabitants denominate it Tyoma-maal ; 

 and it is free from any disagreeable odour. 



The size of this Trefoil Rhinolophus is in extreme length three inches, 

 and in extreme breadth twelve. The tail is as long as the tibia ; the cu- 

 taneous system is very complicated, and much developed, the alar mem- 

 branes being large, as are the ears, which are broad, pointed, and much 

 sloped ; the inferior lobe is half the size of the superior, and forms a 

 transverse fold, which can completely shut the meatus. The nose-leaf 

 is double, the anterior one being transversal, rounded, and united by a slip 

 to the great posterior leaf, which is shaped like a spear-head : the horse- 

 shoe is also formed of two membranes, the outer of which forms a large 

 border ; the leaf-stalk, composed of a thick membrane, springs from the 

 middle of the horse-shoe, and ascends nearly as far as the great leaf; it is 

 divided into three pointed leaflets, not unlike the Clover leaf: there are 

 also two large warts upon the upper lip. In the adult there are no in- 

 cisors in the upper jaw ; the four of the lower are crowded, and the me- 

 sial ones sometimes fall out ; there is no small anormal tooth between 

 the canine and first molar of the upper jaw. 



The fur is very long, copious, and fine : the base of the muzzle, the 

 eyes, and a portion of the ears, being hid under it. The upper parts of 

 the body are of an ash red colour, lighter towards the head than on the 

 back ; the head and neck are reddish-white, the chest and abdomen ash- 

 brown ; the auricle and nasal membranes are yellow and blackish-brown at 

 the points. The flying membranes are naked, of a light brown colour, 

 but blackish-brown where they adhere to the body and lore-arm. 



11. RHINOLOPHUS UNIHASTATUS GREATER HORSE-SHOE 



BAT. 



Syn. Vespertilio Ferrum equinum a. Major Linn. Gmel. I. 50. 



Horse-Shoe Bat Perm. Quadr Shaw, Zool. 



Rhinolophus Ferrum equinum. — Jenyns, Man.' p. 19. 

 Icon. Rhinolophus unihastatus — (unifer.) — Geoff. Ann. Mus. XX. pi. 5, 

 copied in Temm. Mon. II. pi. 27. 

 Grand fer a cheval. — Buff. Hist. Nat. VIII. pi. 17, fig. 2, copied in 

 Schreb. Saiigth. pi. 62, (upper figs.) 



SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 



The Hair grey in the male, reddish in the female. 



The Nasal Appendage lanceolate, complicated. 



The Eap.s notched on the outer margin. 



Inhabits Europe, (including Britain ;) Northern and Southern Africa. 



The Greater Horse-Shoe Bat inhabits the quarries, where soli- 

 tary individuals are found, suspended by their feet, and enveloped 

 by their membranes so as to permit no other part of the body to 

 be seen. 



At length we arrive at the first British animal, next to Man, in the 

 natural series, These diminutive animals are found in caves in the South 

 of England, or in old buildings, such as Bristol and Rochester Cathe- 



drals, Dartford Powder Mills, &c. Their range extends eastward, over 

 France and Germany, to the borders of the Caspian Sea, and southward 

 to the Cape of Good Hope. 



These Bats are usually observed in company with Vespertilio murinus 

 and auritus, very seldom in woods or gardens, but most commonly in old 

 buildings, behind the partitions or wainscotting. Their hybernation is 

 not by any means profound. It is no uncommon thing to see them flit- 

 ting about during a fine day in winter, at a season when other Bats 

 would inevitably perish. In spring they are the first of the tribe to 

 awaken, and thus seem less susceptible of cold than any other species 

 with which we are familiar. 



As they resume their active functions at an early period of the year, it 

 would have been difficult for them to find adequate means of support 

 had not a wise instinct directed them to the ponds for food. Here they 

 flutter for hours, with the head hanging downwards, and touching the 

 water in search of the larvae of insects. It was probably in accordance 

 with this instinct that Nature has supplied them with their singular nasal 

 appendage, which, acting as an inverted bell, may steady the head, and 

 prevent it from becoming immersed. Spiders also contribute to their 

 support. 



1 he female commonly bears two young, after a gestation of three 

 weeks ; they are deposited in some crevice of the walls, and are able to 

 cling from the moment of their birth ; hence the crevice in which they are 

 placed is often little more than a simple depression. 



In warm days they are seen hanging or sleeping under the roofs of 

 houses, and the slightest stroke occasions them to fall down dead. Owls, 

 Weasels, and Cats, prey on them ; their bodies are subject to the attacks 

 of Acarus ricinus, which is found even during hybernation. 



This species sometimes attains the length of four inches nearly, the 

 tail occupying rather more than an inch, and the extreme expanse fifteen 

 inch.es. Its wings are long, and of medium breadth; the tail, which is 

 enveloped in the interfemoral membrane, is two-thirds the length of the 

 fore-arm. The ears are large, pointed, distant, and with a sloping edge ; 

 the inferior lobe is distinct but small. The nose-leaf is doubly festooned 

 at its base, terminates in a spear-head, which is covered towards its point 

 with hair and some slender bristles. The horse-shoe is formed by a broad 

 lateral membrane divided in front ; a leaf-stalk, which does not support 

 the lance-shaped membrane, springs from the middle of the horse-shoe. A 

 solitary transverse wart is situated at the margin of the lower lip. The 

 two upper incisors are scarcely visible, and have a weak attachment to 

 the cartilaginous laminae ; the four under ones are crowded; the obtuse 

 false molar is very small. 



The fur is long but smooth ; the hair bi-coloured above, and of one 

 colour below, is long and straight on the front of the neck, covering the 

 half of the fore-arm, and of the side membranes ; the ears likewise are 

 clad at the base, and in the interior of their posterior edge. The superior 

 parts of the male are ash-coloured, with a shade of blue more or less 

 deep, although all the hairs are whitish at their base. Underneath the 

 colour is light grey, somewhat darker upon the foie-arm and flanks, the 

 long hair on the front of the neck being fairer. The membranes are a 

 dull black. In the female, the roots of the hair are white, and they are 

 red or reddish towards the points ; the under parts of the body aie of a 

 slightly red ash colour. M. Temminck mentions that, judging from the 

 numerous specimens he has examined, he concludes that there are slight 

 local differences of shade in the colour of the fur ; the males of tempe- 

 rate and colder countries having the upper parts of their body of a very 

 deep grey, and the females of a lively russet hue, whilst individuals in the 

 south of Europe, Egypt, the Cape of Good Hope, have brighter tints, 

 ash-coloured in the male, and light red in the female. 



This species is found in some parts of Europe, particularly the south ; 

 also in the northern and middle portions of Africa. The majority of 

 those received by M. Temminck were captured in the ruins of the old 

 castle of Heidelberg. Bechstein informs us that they are very common 

 in Thuringia. 



12. RHINOLOPHUS JAPANICUS.— JAVANESE HORSE-SHOE 



BAT. 



Syn. 

 Icon. 



Rhinolophus Nippon. — Temm. Mon. Mam. II. 30. a. 



SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. 



The Hair in the male brown above, ash-grey, tipped with brown, be- 

 neath ; in the female, dull red above, white, tinged with red, beneath. 

 The Nasal Appendage complicated, much developed. 

 Inhabits Java. 



1 Jenihs, Man — A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns.— Cambridge, 1835. 



