346 MR. CARR ON COMPOSITE NAMES OF PLACES, 
have been formed from clif, a precipitous rock, for its precipices 
overhanging the Avon are tremendous. Yet, after all, our fore- 
fathers may have adverted merely to its steep streets. I am dis- 
posed to think that a steep street in Alnwick, forming the western 
outlet from the town, and now known by the name of Clayport, 
must have been called Cliveport by our ancestors, and that Clei- 
port might be the better orthography ; but the evidence of old 
writings is needed on this point, ere we can decide with cer- 
tainty. A parallel instance is that of Claypath, a street in 
Durham, leading up a similar steep acclivity. Compare also 
Cleveland. 
Howe,—how,—or hoe ; a frequent terminal element in names 
of places. Its Anglo-Saxon original has not descended to us, as 
a separate word; but in Spelman’s Glossarium we find it pre- 
served, in precisely the form that might be looked for, as oc- 
curring in the composition of the names Grenehoga and Stan- 
hoga, that is, Greenhow and Stanhow, (or Stanhoe,) situated in 
Norfolk. As to its substantial signification there can be no 
doubt, when the characteristic features of the following sites in 
Northumberland are considered. If I mistake not, they all either 
stand upon heights, or have, close to them, some hill or heugh 
bearing the same appellations. They are Sandhoe, Duddhoe, 
Stokehoe, Cambhoe, Inghoe, Swinhoe, Shaftowe; in which last 
the 2 cannot be conveniently retained. To these may be added, 
as one of many from other counties, Foxhow, on Windermere, 
the residence of the late Dr. Arnold, which occupies a high rocky 
promontory, running out into the lake. The foregoing names 
have been written, as I think they ought to stand upon such a 
map as has been contemplated. With their modern corruptions 
of Duddo, Cambo, &c., we have here no concern. 
There is, I think, no reason to doubt that this termination hoe 
or how is the same as our well-known northern word heugh. 
This has passed into hoe or how, when it has entered into close 
composition with a definitive term placed before it, and has so lost 
the safeeyard of the tonic accentuation. The heughs are, for the 
most part, those rugged outbreaks of rock, partially covered with 
green-sward, which show themselves in so many parts of Nor- 
